Kenya

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Republic of Kenya
Jamhuri ya Kenya(Swahili)

Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Harambee" (Swahili)
"Let us all pull together"
Anthem: Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu
"O God of All Creation"
Capital
(and largest city) Nairobi
1°16′S 36°48′E / 1.267°S 36.8°E / -1.267; 36.8
Official language(s) Swahili, English[1]
Demonym Kenyan
Government Semi-presidential Republic
- President Mwai Kibaki
- Prime Minister Raila Odinga
Independence from the United Kingdom
- Date 12 December 1963
- Republic declared 12 December 1964
Area
- Total 580,367 km2 (47th)
224,080 sq mi
- Water (%) 2.3
Population
- July 2010 estimate 39,002,772[2] (33nd)
- August 24–25, 2009 census 38,610,097[3]
- Density 67.2/km2 (140th)
174.1/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2009 estimate
- Total $65.059 billion[4]
- Per capita $1,782[4]
GDP (nominal) 2009 estimate
- Total $36.508 billion[4]
- Per capita $938[4]
HDI (2007) increase 0.541 (medium) (147th)
Currency Kenyan shilling (KES)
Time zone EAT (UTC+3)
- Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+3)
Drives on the left
ISO 3166 code KE
Internet TLD .ke
Calling code +254
1. According to cia.gov, estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex, than would otherwise be expected.[2]

The Republic of Kenya (pronounced /ˈkɛnjə/) is a country in East Africa. Lying along the Indian Ocean to its southeast and at the equator, Kenya is bordered by Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west and Tanzania to the south. Lake Victoria is to the southwest and is shared between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya has numerous wildlife reserves, containing thousands of animal species. The capital city is Nairobi. Kenya's area is 580,000 km2 with a population of nearly 39 million[5] which is diverse: more than 40[6] different ethnic groups are present. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Etymology
* 2 Geography and climate
* 3 History
o 3.1 Prehistory
o 3.2 Pre-colonial history
o 3.3 Colonial history
o 3.4 Post-colonial history
* 4 Politics
o 4.1 2007 elections
o 4.2 2008
o 4.3 Grand coalition
* 5 Provinces, districts, and divisions
o 5.1 Population of major cities
* 6 Economy
o 6.1 Finance and investment
o 6.2 Tourism
o 6.3 Agriculture
o 6.4 Industry and manufacturing
o 6.5 Energy
o 6.6 Other industries
o 6.7 Vision 2030
o 6.8 Oil exploration
o 6.9 Natural gas discovery
o 6.10 Donor relations
o 6.11 Criticism and challenges
* 7 Demographics
o 7.1 Religion in Kenya
o 7.2 Health in Kenya
* 8 Education
o 8.1 Historical background
o 8.2 Present-day education in Kenya
o 8.3 Criticism
* 9 Culture
o 9.1 Literature
o 9.2 Music
* 10 Sports
* 11 See also
* 12 Further reading
* 13 References
* 14 External links

Etymology
Further information: Names on Mount Kenya

The word Kenya, pronounced /ˈkɛnjə/, originates from the Kikuyu, Embu and Kamba names for Mount Kenya, "Kirinyaga", "Kirinyaa" and "Kiinyaa". The English meaning of the words is "place with ostriches" in all the three languages. In reference to the black and white plumage of male ostriches. When viewed from a distance the snow-capped peak of the mountain is like the white feathers of a male ostrich. Pre-historic volcanic eruptions of Mount Kenya (now extinct) may resulted in its association with divinty and creation among the indigenous Kikuyu-related ethic groups who are the original native inhabitants of the vast agricultural land surrounding Mount Kenya.

In the 19th Century, the German explorer, Ludwig Krapf, recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia believed by some to be a corruption of the Kamba version.[7][8][9] Others say that this was—on the contrary—a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation /ˈkɛnjə/. [10]

During the colonial period the name was pronounced /ˈkiːnjə/. That pronunciation has been abandoned since independence in favour of the African version.[11]
Geography and climate
Main articles: Geography of Kenya and Climate of Kenya
See also: Environmental issues in Kenya
Mount Kenya is the highest peak in Kenya at 5,199 m (17,057 ft).[12] Kenya is named after the mountain.[13]

At 580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi)[2], Kenya is the world's forty-seventh largest country (after Madagascar). From the coast on the Indian Ocean the Low plains rise to central highlands. The highlands are bisected by the Great Rift Valley; a fertile plateau in the east. The Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa. The highlands are the site of the highest point in Kenya (and the second highest in Africa): Mount Kenya, which reaches 5,199 m (17,057 ft) and is the site of glaciers. Climate varies from tropical along the coast to arid in the interior. Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895 m/19,341 ft) can be seen from Kenya to the South of the Tanzanian border.[14]

Kenya has a tropical climate. It is hot and humid at the coast, temperate inland and very dry in the north and northeast parts of the country. There is a lot of rain between March and May (the long rains) and moderate rain in October and November (the short rains). The temperature remains high throughout these months.

The country receives a great deal of sunshine all the year round and summer clothes are worn throughout the year. It is usually cool at night and early in the morning. The long rain season occurs from April to June. The short rain season occurs from October to December. The rainfall is sometimes heavy and often falls in the afternoons and evenings. The hottest period is from February to March and coldest in July to August.
A giraffe at Nairobi National Park, with Nairobi's skyline in background
Average annual temperatures City Elevation (m) Max (°C) Min (°C)
Mombasa coastal town 17 30.3 22.4
Nairobi capital city 1,661 25.2 13.6
Eldoret 3,085 23.6 9.5
Lodwar dry north plainlands 506 34.8 23.7
Mandera dry north plainlands 506 34.8 25.7
A route in Tsavo East National Park

Kenya has considerable land area of wildlife habitat, including the Masai Mara, where Blue Wildebeest and other bovids participate in a large scale annual migration. Up to 250,000[citation needed]blue wildebeest perish each year in the long and arduous movement to find forage in the dry season.[citation needed]

The "Big Five" animals of Africa can be found in Kenya: the lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros and elephant. A significant population of other wild animals, reptiles and birds can be found in the national parks and game reserves in the country.

The annual animal migration - especially migration of the wildebeest - occurs between June and September with millions of animals taking part. It has been a popular event for filmmakers to capture.
History
Main article: History of Kenya
Prehistory
The African theropod Spinosaurus was the largest known carnivorous dinosaur.
Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
MtKenyaMackinder.jpg
State Party Kenya
Type Natural
Criteria vii, ix
Reference 800
Region** Africa
Inscription history
Inscription 1997 (21st Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.

Giant crocodile fossils have been discovered in Kenya, dating from the Mesozoic Era, over 200 million years ago. The fossils were found in an excavation conducted by a team from the University of Utah and the National Museums of Kenya in July–August 2004 at Lokitaung Gorge, near Lake Turkana.[15]

Fossils found in East Africa suggest that primates roamed the area more than 20 million years ago. Recent finds near Kenya's Lake Turkana indicate that hominids such as Homo habilis (1.8 and 2.5 million years ago) and Homo erectus (1.8 million to 350 000 years ago) are possible direct ancestors of modern Homo sapiens and lived in Kenya during the Pleistocene epoch. In 1984 one particular discovery made at Lake Turkana by famous palaeoanthropologist Richard Leakey and Kamoya Kimeu was the skeleton of a Turkana boy belonging to Homo erectus from 1.6 million years ago. Previous research on early hominids is particularly identified with Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey, who were responsible for the preliminary archaeological research at Olorgesailie and Hyrax Hill. Later work at the former was undertaken by Glynn Isaac.
Pre-colonial history

Cushitic-speaking people, as termed by Schloezer, from northern Africa, moved into the area that is now Kenya beginning around 2000 BCE.[16] Arab traders began frequenting the Kenya coast around the 1st century CE. Kenya's proximity to the Arabian Peninsula invited colonization, and Arab and Persian settlements sprouted along the coast by the 8th century. Some of the "Arabs", like in much of East Africa, were Afro-Arabs. During the first millennium CE, Nilotic and Bantu-speaking peoples moved into the region, and the latter now comprise three-quarters of Kenya's population.[citation needed]

The Kenyan coast had served host to communities of ironworkers and communities of subsistence farmers, hunters and fishers who supported the economy with agriculture, fishing, metal production and trade with foreign countries.[16] Around the 6th or 9th century CE Kenya switched to a maritime-based economy and began to specialize in shipbuilding to travel south by sea to other port cities such as Kilwa Masoko and Shanga along the East African coast. Mombasa became the major port city of pre-colonial Kenya in the Middle Ages and was used to trade with other African port cities, Persia, Arab traders, Yemen and even India.[17] Fifteenth-century Portuguese voyager Duarte Barbosa claimed, "[Mombasa] is a place of great traffic and has a good harbour in which there are always moored small craft of many kinds and also great ships, both of which are bound from Sofala and others which come from Cambay and Melinde and others which sail to the island of Zanzibar."[18]

In the centuries preceding colonization, the Swahili coast of Kenya was part of the east African region which traded with the Arab world and India especially for ivory and slaves (the Ameru tribe is said to have originated from slaves escaping from Arab lands some time around the year 1700). Initially these traders came mainly from Arab states, but later many came from Zanzibar (such as Tippu Tip).[19] Close to 90% of the population on the Kenya coast was enslaved.[20]

Swahili, a Bantu language with Arabic, Persian, and other Middle Eastern and South Asian loan words, later developed as a lingua franca for trade between the different peoples.[16]

The Luo of Kenya descend from early agricultural and herding communities from western Kenya's early pre-colonial history. The Luo along with other tribes associated with the Nilotic language group, are known to have originated from the north of Kenya, probably the northern regions of modern Sudan. The Nilotes, as they are known, are an anthropological group that originated from the northeastern regions of Africa. They may have moved south because of the wars that characterized the growth of territories such as Kush and Egypt. In Kenya the Nilotes include the Luo, Kalenjin, Turkana and Maasai as the main groups. Historical migration is evidenced by the presence of similar dialects in modern southern Sudan and northern Uganda. Groups speaking Luo dialects, for example, include the Acoli, Adhola, and Langi of Uganda, and the Jurchol of Sudan.

Throughout the centuries the Kenyan Coast has played host to many merchants and explorers. Among the cities that line the Kenyan coast is the City of Malindi. It has remained an important Swahili settlement since the 14th century and once rivaled Mombasa for dominance in this part of East Africa. Malindi has traditionally been a friendly port city for foreign powers. In 1414, the Arab Sultan of Malindi initiated diplomatic relations with Ming Dynasty China during the voyages of the explorer Zheng He.[21] Malindi authorities welcomed Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama, in 1498.
Colonial history
Main article: History of Kenya#Colonial history
Seaport Mombasa, below Malindi, has railway to Nairobi (centre), south of Naivasha & Nyeri. (click map to enlarge)
Kenya–Uganda railway near Mombasa, about 1899

The colonial history of Kenya dates from the establishment of a German protectorate over the Sultan of Zanzibar's coastal possessions in 1885, followed by the arrival of the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1888. Incipient imperial rivalry was forestalled when Germany handed its coastal holdings to Britain in 1890. This followed the building of the Kenya–Uganda railway passing through the country. This was resisted by some tribes — notably the Nandi led by Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei for ten years from 1895 to 1905 — still the British eventually built the railway. The Nandi were the first tribe to be put in a native reserve to stop them from disrupting the building of the railway. During the railway construction era, there was a significant inflow of Indian peoples who provided the bulk of the skilled manpower required for construction.[22]

While building the railroad through Tsavo, that a number of the Indian railway workers and local African labourers were attacked by two lions known as the Tsavo maneaters. They and most of their descendants later remained in Kenya and formed the core of several distinct Indian communities such as the Ismaili Muslim and Sikh communities.[23][24]

At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the governors of British East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities. Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck took command of the German military forces, determined to tie down as many British resources as possible. Completely cut off from Germany, von Lettow conducted an effective guerilla warfare campaign, living off the land, capturing British supplies, and remaining undefeated. He eventually surrendered in Zambia eleven days after the Armistice was signed in 1918. To chase von Lettow the British deployed Indian Army troops from India and then needed large numbers of porters to overcome the formidable logistics of transporting supplies far into the interior by foot. The Carrier Corps was formed and ultimately mobilised over 400,000 Africans, contributing to their long-term politicisation.[22]

During the early part of the 20th century, the interior central highlands were settled by British and other European farmers, who became wealthy farming coffee and tea.[25] By the 1930s, approximately 30,000 white settlers lived in the area and gained a political voice because of their contribution to the market economy. The area was already home to over a million members of the Kikuyu tribe, most of whom had no land claims in European terms, and lived as itinerant farmers. To protect their interests, the settlers banned the growing of coffee, introduced a hut tax, and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour. A massive exodus to the cities ensued as their ability to provide a living from the land dwindled.[22] By the 1950s, the white population numbered 80,000.[26]

From October 1952 to December 1959, Kenya was under a state of emergency arising from the Mau Mau rebellion against British rule. The governor requested and obtained British and African troops, including the King's African Rifles. The British began counter-insurgency operations; in May 1953 General Sir George Erskine took charge as commander-in-chief of the colony's armed forces in May 1953, with the personal backing of Winston Churchill.[27]

The capture of Warũhiũ Itote (aka General China) on 15 January 1954, and the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the Mau Mau command structure. Operation Anvil opened on 24 April 1954, after weeks of planning by the army with the approval of the War Council. The operation effectively placed Nairobi under military siege, and the occupants were screened and the Mau Mau supporters moved to detention camps. The Home Guard formed the core of the government's strategy as it was composed of loyalist Africans, not foreign forces like the British Army and King's African Rifles. By the end of the emergency the Home Guard had killed 4686 Mau Mau, amounting to 42% of the total insurgents. The capture of Dedan Kimathi on 21 October 1956, in Nyeri signified the ultimate defeat of the Mau Mau and essentially ended the military offensive.[27] During this period, substantial governmental changes to land tenure occurred, the most important of which was the Swynnerton Plan, which was used to both reward loyalists and punish Mau Mau.
Post-colonial history

The first direct elections for Africans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957. Despite British hopes of handing power to "moderate" African rivals, it was the Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta that formed a government shortly before Kenya became independent on 12 December 1963, on the same day forming the first Constitution of Kenya.[28] During the same year, the Kenyan army fought the Shifta War against ethnic Somalis who wanted Kenya's NFD joined with the Republic of Somalia. The Shiftas were defeated in 1967.

To discourage further invasions, Kenya signed a defence pact with Ethiopia in 1969, which is still in effect.[29]

On 12 December 1964 the Republic of Kenya was proclaimed, and Jomo Kenyatta became Kenya's first president.[30] At Kenyatta's death in 1978, Daniel arap Moi became President. Daniel arap Moi retained the Presidency, being unopposed in elections held in 1979, 1983 (snap elections) and 1988, all of which were held under the single party constitution. The 1983 elections were held a year early, and were a direct result of an abortive military coup attempt on 1 August 1982.

The abortive coup was masterminded by a lowly ranked Air Force serviceman, Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka and was staged mainly by enlisted men in the Air Force. The attempt was quickly suppressed by Loyalist forces led by the Army, the General Service Unit (GSU) — a paramilitary wing of the police — and later the regular police, but not without civilian casualties. This event led to the disbanding of the entire Air Force and a large number of its former members were either dismissed or court-martialled.

The election held in 1988 saw the advent of the mlolongo (queuing) system, where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot.[31] This was seen as the climax of a very undemocratic regime and it led to widespread agitation for constitutional reform. Several contentious clauses, including one that allowed for only one political party were changed in the following years.[32] In democratic, multiparty elections in 1992 and 1997, Daniel arap Moi won re-election. In 2002, Moi was constitutionally barred from running, and Mwai Kǐbakǐ, running for the opposition coalition "National Rainbow Coalition" — NARC, was elected President. Anderson (2003) reports the elections were judged free and fair by local and international observers, and seemed to mark a turning point in Kenya's democratic evolution.[33]
Politics
Main article: Politics of Kenya
Current president Mwai Kibaki

Kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is both the head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. There was growing concern especially during former president Daniel arap Moi's tenure that the executive was increasingly meddling with the affairs of the judiciary.

Kenya has maintained remarkable stability despite changes in its political system and crises in neighbouring countries. A cross-party parliamentary reform initiative in the autumn of 1997 revised some oppressive laws inherited from the colonial era that had been used to limit freedom of speech and assembly. This improved public freedoms and contributed to generally credible national elections in December 1997.

In December 2002, Kenyans held democratic and open elections, most of which were judged free and fair by international observers. The 2002 elections marked an important turning point in Kenya's democratic evolution in that power was transferred peacefully from the Kenya African Union (KANU), which had ruled the country since independence to the National Rainbow Coalition (Narc), a coalition of political parties.

Under the presidency of Mwai Kibaki, the new ruling coalition promised to focus its efforts on generating economic growth, combating corruption, improving education, and rewriting its constitution. A few of these promises have been met. There is free primary education. In 2007 the government issued a statement declaring that from 2008, secondary education would be heavily subsidised, with the government footing all tuition fees.
2007 elections
Main article: Kenyan presidential election, 2007

The last general elections were held on 27 December 2007. In them, President Kibaki under the Party of National Unity ran for re-election against the main opposition party, the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). The elections were seen to have been flawed with international observers saying that they were below international standards. After a split which would take a crucial 8% of the votes away from the ODM to the newly formed Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya (ODM-K)'s candidate, Kalonzo Musyoka, the race tightened between ODM candidate Raila Odinga and Kibaki. As the count came in to the Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK) headquarters, Odinga was shown to have a slight, and then substantial lead as the results from his strongholds came in early. As the ECK continued to count the votes, Kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later. This led to protests and open discrediting of the ECK for complicity and to Odinga declaring himself the "people's president" and calling for a recount.[34]

The protests escalated into violence and destruction of property, almost 1,000 people were killed and nearly 600,000 displaced.[35][36][37] The dispute caused underlying tensions over land and its distribution to re-erupt, as it had in the 1992 and 1997 elections.[37] Hundreds of thousands were forced off their land to relatives elsewhere in the country and some claim weapons are being bought in the region, perhaps in anticipation of the 2012 elections.[37]

A group of eminent persons of Africa, led by former United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan, brokered a peaceful solution to the political stalemate. This group enjoyed the backing of the UN, European Union, African Union and United States government, as well as those of various other notable countries across the world. More information is available in clashes in Kenya (2007–present).

Annan requested mediation support for his team on the Panel Secretariat from the Swiss based conflict mediation organisation, the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue.
2008
Current prime minister Raila Odinga

On 28 February 2008, Kibaki and Odinga signed an agreement on the formation of a coalition government in which Odinga would become Kenya's second prime Minister. Under the deal, the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both PNU and ODM camps depending on each party's strength in Parliament. The agreement stipulated that the cabinet would include a vice-president and two deputy Prime Ministers. After being debated and passed by Parliament, the coalition would hold until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then.

The new office of the PM will have power and authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the Government and will be occupied by an elected MP who will be the leader of the party or coalition with majority members in Parliament. The world watched Annan and his UN-backed panel and African Union chairman Jakaya Kikwete as they brought together the erstwhile rivals to the signing ceremony, beamed live on national TV from the steps of Nairobi's Harambee House. On 29 February 2008, representatives of PNU and ODM began working on the finer details of the power-sharing agreement.[38] Kenyan lawmakers unanimously approved a power-sharing deal 18 March 2008, aimed at salvaging a country usually seen as one of the most stable and prosperous in Africa. The deal brought Kibaki's PNU and Odinga's ODM together and heralded the formation of the grand coalition, in which the two political parties would share power equally.[39]
Grand coalition

On 13 April 2008, President Kibaki named a grand coalition cabinet of 41 Ministers- including the prime minister and his two deputies. The cabinet, which included 50 Assistant Ministers, was sworn in at the State House in Nairobi on Thursday, 17 April 2008 in the presence of Dr. Kofi Annan and other invited dignitaries.

A constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister[40] and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 August 2010, and the new constitution passed by a wide margin.[41] Among other things, the new constitution delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights.[6] It was promulgated on 27 August 2010 at a euphoric ceremony in Nairobi's Uhuru Park, accompanied by a 21-gun salute. The event was graced by a number of African leaders and praised by the international community. As of that day the new constitution, heralding the Second Republic, came into force.
Provinces, districts, and divisions
Main articles: Provinces of Kenya, Districts of Kenya, and Divisions of Kenya
Provinces of Kenya

Kenya comprises eight provinces each headed by a Provincial Commissioner (centrally appointed by the president). The provinces (mkoa singular mikoa plural in Swahili) are subdivided into districts (wilaya). There were 69 districts as of 1999 census. Districts are then subdivided into 497 divisions (taarafa). The divisions are then subdivided into 2,427 locations (mtaa) and then 6,612 sublocations (mtaa mdogo).[42] The City of Nairobi enjoys the status of a full administrative province. The government supervises administration of districts and provinces. The provinces are:

1. Central
2. Coast
3. Eastern
4. Nairobi
5. North Eastern
6. Nyanza
7. Rift Valley
8. Western

Local governance in Kenya is practised through local authorities. Many urban centres host city, municipal or town councils. Local authorities in rural areas are known as county councils. Local councillors are elected by civic elections, held alongside general elections.

Constituencies are an electoral subdivision. There are 210 Constituencies in Kenya.[43]
Population of major cities
City Population
Nairobi 2 940 911
Mombasa 707 400
Nakuru 337 200
Kisumu 273 400
Eldoret 249 100
Nyeri 213 000
Machakos 179 500
Meru 140 900
Economy
20 shilling note from 1994, depicting then-President Daniel arap Moi
Main article: Economy of Kenya

Kenya's economy is market-based, with a few state-owned infrastructure enterprises, and maintains a liberalized external trade system. The country is generally perceived as Eastern and Central Africa's hub for Financial, Communication and Transportation services. As at May 2010, economic prospects are positive with 4-5% GDP growth expected, largely because of expansions in tourism, telecommunications, transport, construction and a recovery in agriculture. The World Bank predicts growth of 4% in 2010 and a potential of 4.9% growth in 2011.[44] These improvements are supported by a large pool of English speaking professional workers. There is a high level of computer literacy, especially among the youth.

The government is generally perceived as investment friendly and has enacted several regulatory reforms to simplify both foreign and local investment. An increasingly significant portion of Kenya's foreign inflows is from remittances by non-resident Kenyans who work in the US, Middle East, Europe and Asia. Compared to its neighbors, Kenya has a well developed social and physical infrastructure making it an attractive alternative location to South Africa, for major corporations seeking entry into the African continent.

In March 1996, the Presidents of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda re-established the East African Community (EAC). The EAC's objectives include harmonizing tariffs and customs regimes, free movement of people, and improving regional infrastructures. In March 2004, the three East African countries signed a Customs Union Agreement.

Nairobi continues to be the primary communication and financial hub of East Africa. It enjoys the region's best transportation linkages, communications infrastructure, and trained personnel. A wide range of foreign firms maintain regional branch or representative offices in the city.
Finance and investment

Kenya is East and Central Africa's hub for Financial services. The Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE) is ranked 4th in Africa in terms of Market capitalization.

The Kenya banking system is supervised by the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK). As of late July 2004, the system consisted of 43 commercial banks (down from 48 in 2001), several non-bank financial institutions, including mortgage companies, four savings and loan associations, and several score foreign-exchange bureaus.[45]

* The exchange rate of the Kenya shilling between 2003 and 2010 has averaged at about KSh74-78 to US$1.

* As at April 2010 Kenya's inflation rate is 3.65%.

Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Kenya
Tourists on a safari in Kenya

Kenya’s services sector, which contributes about 63 percent of GDP, is dominated by tourism. The tourism sector has exhibited steady growth in most years since independence and by the late 1980s had become the country’s principal source of foreign exchange. Tourists, the largest number from Germany and the United Kingdom, are attracted mainly to the coastal beaches and the game reserves, notably, the expansive Tsavo National Park (20,808 square kilometers) in the southeast. Tourism has seen a substantial revival over the past several years and is the major contributor to the pick-up in the country’s economic growth.

Tourism is now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earning sector, followed by flowers, tea, and coffee. In 2006 tourism generated US$803 million, up from US$699 million the previous year.
Agriculture
Main article: Agriculture in Kenya
Cultivation on the slopes of Mount Kenya

Agriculture is the second largest contributor to Kenya’s gross domestic product (GDP), after the service sector. In 2005 agriculture, including forestry and fishing, accounted for about 24 percent of GDP, as well as for 18 percent of wage employment and 50 percent of revenue from exports. The principal cash crops are tea, horticultural produce, and coffee; horticultural produce and tea are the main growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of Kenya’s exports. The production of major food staples such as corn is subject to sharp weather-related fluctuations. Production downturns periodically necessitate food aid—for example, in 2004 aid for 1.8 million people⎯because of one of Kenya’s intermittent droughts.

Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands, one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa. Livestock predominates in the semi-arid savanna to the north and east. Coconuts, pineapples, cashew nuts, cotton, sugarcane, sisal, and corn are grown in the lower-lying areas.
Industry and manufacturing

Although Kenya is the most industrially developed country in East Africa, manufacturing still accounts for only 14 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). Industrial activity, concentrated around the three largest urban centers, Nairobi, Mombasa, and Kisumu, is dominated by food-processing industries such as grain milling, beer production, and sugarcane crushing, and the fabrication of consumer goods, e.g., vehicles from kits. There is a vibrant and fast growing cement production industry. Kenya has an oil refinery that processes imported crude petroleum into petroleum products, mainly for the domestic market. In addition, a substantial and expanding informal sector engages in small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements.

Kenya’s inclusion among the beneficiaries of the U.S. Government’s African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) has given a boost to manufacturing in recent years. Since AGOA took effect in 2000, Kenya’s clothing sales to the United States increased from US$44 million to US$270 million (2006). Other initiatives to strengthen manufacturing have been the new government’s favorable tax measures, including the removal of duty on capital equipment and other raw materials.
Energy

The largest share of Kenya’s electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River, as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam in the west. A petroleum-fired plant on the coast, geothermal facilities at Olkaria (near Nairobi), and electricity imported from Uganda make up the rest of the supply. Kenya’s installed capacity stood at 1,142 megawatts a year between 2001 and 2003. The state-owned Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), established in 1997 under the name of Kenya Power Company, handles the generation of electricity, while the Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC), which is slated for privatization, handles transmission and distribution. Shortfalls of electricity occur periodically, when drought reduces water flow.

Kenya has yet to find hydrocarbon reserves on its territory, despite several decades of intermittent exploration. Kenya currently imports all crude petroleum requirements. Petroleum accounts for 20 to 25 percent of the national import bill.
Other industries

Other industries include forestry, fishing, and mining. Kenya has few discovered minerals and the mining industry is relatively minor. There is an informal sector which—though not included in statistics—is becoming an important contributor to the Kenya economy.
Vision 2030

In 2007, the Kenyan government unveiled Vision 2030, which is an economic blueprint which is believed to have the potential of putting the country in the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers.
Economic summary GDP $17.43 billion (2005) at Market Price. $ 41.36 billion (Purchasing Power Parity, 2006)

There exists an informal economy that is never counted as part of the official GDP figures.
Annual growth rate 5.8% (2005): 2006 = 6.1% : Estimate for 2007 = 7.2%
Per capita income Per Capita Income (PPP)= $1,200
Natural resources Wildlife, land (5% arable)
Agricultural produce tea, coffee, sugarcane, horticultural products, corn, wheat, rice, sisal, pineapples, pyrethrum, dairy products, meat and meat products, hides, skins
Industry petroleum products, grain and sugar milling, cement, beer, soft drinks, textiles, vehicle assembly, paper and light manufacturing, tourism
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Trade in 2002 Exports $2.2 billion tea, coffee, horticultural products, petroleum products, cement, pyrethrum, soda ash, sisal, hides and skins, fluorspar
Major markets (2006)[2] Uganda, United Kingdom, Tanzania, Netherlands, United States, Pakistan
Imports $3.2 billion machinery, vehicles, crude petroleum, iron and steel, resins and plastic materials, refined petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, paper and paper products, fertilizers, wheat
Major suppliers United Kingdom, Japan, South Africa, Germany, United Arab Emirates, Italy, India, France, United States, Saudi Arabia
Oil exploration

Early in 2006 Chinese President Hu Jintao signed an oil exploration contract with Kenya; the latest in a series of deals designed to keep Africa's natural resources flowing to China's rapidly expanding economy.

The deal allowed for China's state-controlled offshore oil and gas company, CNOOC, to prospect for oil in Kenya, which is just beginning to drill its first exploratory wells on the borders of Sudan and Somalia and in coastal waters. No oil has been discovered yet, and there has been no formal estimate of the possible reserves.[46]
Natural gas discovery

In the first quarter of 2010, China's CNOOC discovered unconfirmed but significant quantities of Natural Gas in North Eastern Kenya. An ongoing assessment will determine whether the gas quantities are commercially viable before a formal announcement is made. The gas discovery has raised hopes for that it is only a matter of time before Oil is discovered.
Donor relations

Since independence, Kenya, a nonaligned country, has seen both substantial foreign investment and significant amounts of development aid, some from Russia, some from China and others from the West.

Kenya's development assistance has come from increasingly diverse sources in recent years with China taking a increasingly higher prominent role than the west. The share of funding provided by the United Kingdom has fallen significantly, while that of multilateral agencies, particularly the World Bank and the European Development Fund, has increased. The most active investors currently are the Chinese.
Criticism and challenges

The economy’s heavy dependence on rain-fed agriculture and the tourism sector leaves it vulnerable to cycles of boom and bust. The agricultural sector directly and indirectly employs nearly 70 percent of the country’s 38 million people. Half of the sector’s output remains subsistence production.[45]

Poor governance and corruption have had a negative impact on growth, making it expensive to do business in Kenya. According to Transparency International, Kenya ranks poorly in the corruption perception index though there have been significant improvements in recent times.

(HIV/AIDS) continues to pose a long term risk to the economy. The Government has implemented awareness programmes to control its spread. Antiretroviral drugs are available in at government subsidized rates.

Kenya's economic policies have been subjected to persistent heavy criticism by western donors - especially when the policies do not ultimately benefit the West.[citation needed] Despite early disillusionment of western donors with the government, the economy has seen a broad-based expansion, led by strong performance in tourism and telecommunications, and acceptable post-drought results in agriculture, especially the vital tea sector.[45] Kenya's economy grew by more than 7% in 2007 and its foreign debt was greatly reduced.[45]
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Kenya
Ethnicity and languages in Kenya

Kenya's population has rapidly increased over the past several decades, and consequently it is relatively young. Some 73% of Kenyans are under 30.[47] In 80 years, Kenya's population has grown from 2.9 million to 37 million.[48]

Kenya is a country of great ethnic diversity. Most Kenyans are bilingual in English and Swahili. A large percentage speak the mother tongue of their ethnic tribe.

Ethnic groups
Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab) 1%.[2]

Largest cities
Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, Nakuru and Eldoret.

See also: List of cities in Kenya
Religion in Kenya
Main article: Religion in Kenya
Religion in Kenya[2]
religion percent
Protestant

45%
Roman Catholic

33%
Islam

10%
Indigenous

10%
Other

2%

The vast majority of Kenyans are Christian with 45% regarding themselves as Protestant and 33% as Roman Catholic. Sizeable minorities of other faiths do exist. There is a fairly large Hindu population in Kenya (around 500,000), who have integrated well with the community and play a key role in Kenya's economy. (Muslim 10%, indigenous beliefs 10%) but estimates for the percentage of the population that adheres to Islam or indigenous beliefs vary widely.[2] Sixty percent of the Muslim population lives in Coast Province, comprising 50 percent of the total population there. Western areas of Coast Province are mostly Christian. The upper part of Eastern Province is home to 10 percent of the country's Muslims, where they are the majority religious group and apart from a small ethnic Somali population in Nairobi, the rest of the country is largely Christian.[49] There is a minority group of Baha'is.[50]


Health in Kenya
Main article: Health in Kenya

There are 3-5 births per woman on average.[51] Life expectancy is estimated at between 47 and 55 years.[51] There is a large number of HIV-positive people in Kenya. Maternal mortality is high, partly due to female genital mutilation.[51]
Education
Main article: Education in Kenya
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Kenya's education system consists of early childhood education, primary, secondary and college. Early childhood education takes at least three years, primary eight years, secondary four and university four or six years depending on the course. Preschooling, which targets children from age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade). At the end of primary education, pupils sit the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE), which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training. Primary school age is 6/7-13/14 years. For those who proceed to secondary level, there is a national examination at the end of Form Four – the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE), which determines those proceeding to the universities, other professional training or employment. The Joint Admission Board (JAB) is responsible for selecting students joining the public universities. Other than the public schools, there are many private schools in the country, mainly in urban areas. Similarly, there are a number of international schools catering for various overseas educational systems.
Historical background

Independent Kenya's first system of education was introduced by British colonists. After Kenya's independence on 12 December 1963, an authority named Ominde Commission was formed to introduce changes that would reflect the nation's sovereignty. The commission focused on identity and unity, which were critical issues at the time. Changes in the subject content of history and geography were made to reflect national cohesion. Between 1964 and 1985, the 7-4-2-3-system was adopted – seven years of primary, four years of lower secondary, two years of upper secondary, and three years of university. All schools had a common curriculum.

In 1981, the Presidential Working Party on the Second University was commissioned to look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system. The committee recommended that the 7-4-2-3 system be changed to an 8-4-4 system (eight years in primary, four years in secondary, and four years in university education). The table under Present-day education in Kenya below shows the structure of the 8-4-4 system. Although the 7-4-2-3 system theoretically ended with the introduction of the new 8-4-4 system in 1985, the last batch of students from the former system graduated from Kenyan Universities in 1992.
Present-day education in Kenya

The current 8-4-4 system was launched in January 1985.[52][53] It put more emphasis on vocational subjects on the assumption that the new structure would enable school dropouts at all levels either to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector.

In January 2003, the Government of Kenya announced the introduction of free primary education. As a result, primary school enrolment increased by about 70%. Secondary and tertiary education enrollment has not increased proportionally because payment is still required for attendance.

In class eight of primary school the Kenya Certificate of Primary Examination (K.C.P.E.) is written. The result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school. In form four of secondary schools the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Examination (K.C.S.E.) is written. Students sit examinations in eight subjects.

In 2007 the government issued a statement declaring that from 2008, secondary education would be heavily subsidised, with the government footing all tuition fees.

KCSE Grading System
Grade A A- B+ B B- C+ C C- D+ D D- E
Points 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The average grade is based on performance in the eight subjects. Where a candidate sits for more than eight subjects, the average grade is based on the best eight subjects. University matriculation is based on the best eight and performance in particular subjects relevant to degree courses. Example below:
Subject Group Grade Points
English 1 B+ 10
Kishwahili 1 A- 11
Mathematics 1 A 12
History & Government 3 B 9
Geography 3 A- 11
Physics 2 B+ 10
Chemistry 2 B- 8
Biology 2 A- 11

The total number of points is 81.

The average grade is 81 divided by 8, which equals 10.1 (approximately 10.0 points) which is Grade B+ according to the grading system. This student qualifies to join one of the Public Universities for his good score. Training institutions and faculties and departments determine their own minimum entry requirements.

Students who manage a grade of C+ qualify to do a degree course at the University. Owing to competition, and fewer places at the University, those with B and in a few cases B-, and above are taken for degree courses at the Public Universities and benefit by paying government-subsidised fees. The rest join private universities or middle-level colleges.

Interestingly, the number of students admitted to public universities through J.A.B depends on the total number of beds available in all the public universities. Nonetheless, those who miss out but attained the minimum university entry mark of C+ or C with a relevant diploma certificate are admitted through the parallel degree programmes (module II) if they can afford the full fees for the course.

This has been the subject of much discussion with people questioning the rationale and morality of locking out qualified students from public institutions yet still admitting those who come from financially able families.
Criticism

The Kenyan 8-4-4 system of education has weathered many storms in the 24 years of its existence. Immediately after the first batch of students of this system graduated in 1989, most of the country was up in arms, criticizing the government of "haphazard adoption of the system". Critics claimed that the system was producing "below par" graduates who could not effectively compete with their counterparts from other parts of the world. Others argued that the system had produced graduates who were either too young or ill-prepared for the job market. The government turned a deaf ear, probably because the prospect of overhauling the new system was unwelcome for the cost that the exercise would involve.

Over the years graduates have proved critics wrong by excelling in universities locally and abroad. Indeed, the braindrain being experienced where health workers and scholars emigrate to Western countries is proof of this. Many 8-4-4 graduates have excelled in universities outside the country.

The emphasis on vocational training has waned and recent changes to the curriculum have now laid more emphasis on information technology, sciences, mathematics and languages. In any case, the academic workload and emphasis on passing written examinations has left little room for carpentry, masonry, cooking and other vocational training.
Culture
Maasai warriors
A Maasai man in traditional attire
Main article: Culture of Kenya

Kenya is a diverse country. Notable peoples include the Swahili on the coast, pastoralist communities in the north, and several different communities in the central and western regions. The Maasai culture is well known due to tourism, despite being a minor percentage of the Kenyan population. They are renowned for their elaborate upper body adornment and jewelry.

Kenya has an extensive music, television and theatre scene.
Literature
Main article: Literature of Kenya

Ngugi wa Thiong'o is one of the best known writers of Kenya. His book, Weep Not, Child is an illustration of life in Kenya during the British occupation. This is a story about the effects of the Mau Mau on the lives of black Kenyans. Its combination of themes—colonialism, education, and love—helped to make it one of the best-known novels in Africa.

M.G. Vassanji's 2003 novel The In-Between World of Vikram Lall won the Giller Prize in 2003. It is the fictional memoir of a Kenyan of Indian heritage and his family as they adjust to the changing political climates in colonial and post-colonial Kenya.

Since 2003, the literary journal Kwani? has been publishing Kenyan contemporary literature.
Music
Main article: Music of Kenya
Sports
Main article: Sport in Kenya

Kenya is active in several sports, among them cricket, rallying, football (soccer), rugby union and boxing. But the country is known chiefly for its dominance in Middle-distance and long-distance athletics. Kenya has consistently produced Olympic and Commonwealth Games champions in various distance events, especially in 800 m, 1,500 m, 3,000 m steeplechase, 5,000 m, 10,000 m and the marathons. Kenyan athletes (particularly Kalenjin) continue to dominate the world of distance running, although competition from Morocco and Ethiopia has reduced this supremacy. Kenya's best-known athletes included the four-time women's Boston Marathon winner and two-time world champion Catherine Ndereba, former Marathon world record-holder Paul Tergat, and John Ngugi.

Kenya won several medals during the Beijing Olympics, 5 gold, 5 silver and 4 bronze, making it Africa's most successful Nation in the 2008 Olympics. New athletes gained attention, such as Pamela Jelimo, the women's 800m gold medalist who went ahead to win the IAAF Golden League jackpot, and Samuel Wanjiru who won the men's marathon.

Retired Olympic and Commonwealth Games champion Kipchoge Keino helped usher in Kenya's ongoing distance dynasty 1970s and was followed by Commonwealth Champion Henry Rono's spectacular string of world record performances.

Lately, there has been controversy in Kenyan athletics circles, with the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries, chiefly Bahrain and Qatar.[54] The Kenyan Ministry of Sports has tried to stop the defections, but they have continued anyway, with Bernard Lagat the latest, choosing to represent the United States.[54] Most of these defections occur because of economic or financial factors. Some elite Kenyan runners who cannot qualify for their country's strong national team find it easier to qualify by running for other countries.

Kenya has been a dominant force in ladies' volleyball within Africa, with both the clubs and the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade.[citation needed] The women's team has competed at the Olympics and World Championships but without any notable success.

Cricket is another popular and the most successful team sport. Kenya has competed in the Cricket World Cup since 1996. They upset some of the World's best teams and reached semi-finals of the 2003 tournament. They won the inaugural World Cricket League Division 1 hosted in Nairobi and participated in the World T20. Their current captain is Steve Tikolo.

Kenya is represented by Lucas Onyango as a professional rugby league player, plying his trade with Oldham Roughyeds. Besides the former European Super League team, he has played for Widnes Vikings and rugby union with Sale Sharks.[55]

Kenya is making a name for itself in rugby union. It is popular in Kenya especially with the annual Safari Sevens tournament. Kenya sevens team ranked 9th in IRB Sevens World Series for the 2006 season.

Kenya was a regional power in soccer but its dominance has been eroded by wrangles within the Kenya Football Federation.[56] This has led to a suspension by FIFA which was lifted in March, 2007.

In the motor rallying arena, Kenya is home to the world famous Safari Rally, commonly acknowledged as one of the toughest rallies in the world,[57] and a part of the World Rally Championship for many years until its exclusion after the 2002 event owing to financial difficulties. Some of the best rally drivers in the world have taken part in and won the rally, such as Björn Waldegård, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Makinen, Shekhar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae. Though the rally still runs annually as part of the Africa rally championship, the organisers are hoping to be allowed to rejoin the World Rally championship in the next couple of years.
See also
Main articles: Outline of Kenya and Index of Kenya-related articles
Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya portal

* Communications in Kenya
* Corruption in Kenya
* Foreign relations of Kenya
* Kenyan diplomatic missions
* Languages of Kenya
* Military of Kenya
* Transport in Kenya
* 2010 in Kenya

Lists:

* List of cities in Kenya
* List of Kenyans
* List of national parks of Kenya
* List of British POW camps in Kenya During WWII

Further reading

* Barsby, Jane. Kenya (Culture Smart!: a quick guide to customs and etiquette) (2007) excerpt and text search
* Bindloss, Joe. Kenya (Country Guide) (2009) excerpt and text search
* DK. Kenya (Eyewitness Travel Guide) (2009) excerpt and text search
* Gatheru, R. Mugo. Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888-1970. McFarland, 2005. 236 pp.
* Haugerud, Angelique. The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya. Cambridge U. Press, 1995. 266 pp. excerpt and text search
* Maxon, Robert M. and Ofcansky, Thomas P. Historical Dictionary of Kenya. (2nd ed. Scarecrow, 2000). 449 pp
* Mwaura, Ndirangu. Kenya Today: Breaking the Yoke of Colonialism in Africa. Algora, 2005. 238 pp.
* Ndege, George Oduor. Health, State, and Society in Kenya. U. of Rochester Press, 2001. 224 pp.
* Ochieng, William R., ed. Themes in Kenyan History. Ohio U. Press, 1991. 261 pp.
* Ochieng, William R., ed. A Modern History of Kenya: In Honour of Professor B. A. Ogot. Nairobi, Kenya: Evans Brothers, 1989. 259 pp.
* Ogot, B. A. Historical dictionary of Kenya (1981)
* Parkinson, Tom, and Matt Phillips. Lonely Planet Kenya (2006) except and text search
* Pinkney, Robert. The International Politics of East Africa. Manchester U. Pr., 2001. 242 pp. compares Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.
* Press, Robert M. Peaceful Resistance: Advancing Human Rights and Democratic Freedoms. Ashgate, 2006. 227 pp.
* Rough Guide To Kenya (8th ed. 2006)

References

1. ^ Constitution (1998) art. 53 "the official languages of the National Assembly shall be Kiswahili and English and the business of the National Assembly may be conducted in either or both languages."
2. ^ a b c d e f g Central Intelligence Agency (2009). "Kenya". The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
3. ^ Official 2009 census results.
4. ^ a b c d "Kenya". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=664&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=67&pr.y=5. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
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7. ^ Krapf, Johann Ludwig (1860). Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
8. ^ Krapf, Johann Ludwig (13 May 1850). "Extract from Krapf's diary". Church Missionary Intelligencer i: 452.
9. ^ Foottit, Claire (2006) [2004]. Kenya. The Brade Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides Ltd. ISBN 1-84162-066-1.
10. ^ B. J. Ratcliffe (January 1943). "The Spelling of Kenya". Journal of the Royal African Society 42 (166): 42–44. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0368-4016(194301)42%3A166%3C42%3A%22SOK%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P.
11. ^ "Kenya". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.
12. ^ Rough Guide (2006). Rough Guide Map Kenya [map], 9 edition, 1:900,000, Rough Guide Map. Cartography by World Mapping Project. ISBN 1-84353-359-6.
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14. ^ Rough Guide (2006). Rough Guide Map Kenya [map], 9 edition, 1:900,000, Rough Guide Map. Cartography by World Mapping Project. ISBN 1-84353-359-6.
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16. ^ a b c "Wonders of the African World". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wonders/fr_e2.htm. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
17. ^ Alsayyad, Nezar (30 March 2001). Hybrid Urbanism By Nezar Al-Sayyad. Books.google.com. ISBN 9780275966126. http://books.google.com/?id=6u3CRDloG-YC&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=Mombasa,+medieval+trade,+India. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
18. ^ Ali, Shanti Sadiq (1996). The African Dispersal in the Deccan By Shanti Sadiq Ali. Books.google.com. ISBN 9788125004851. http://books.google.com/?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=Mombasa,+medieval+trade. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
19. ^ Swahili Coast. Nationalgeographic.com.
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22. ^ a b c R. Mugo Gatheru, Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888-1970 (2005)
23. ^ "Ismaili muslim". Magicalkenya.com. http://www.magicalkenya.com/default.nsf/doc21/4YQ4W3FZEI64?opendocument&l=1&e=7&s=1. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
24. ^ Dr. Orville Boyd Jenkins. "Sikh". Orvillejenkins.com. http://orvillejenkins.com/profiles/sikh.html. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
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31. ^ Many Voters Stay Home as Kenya Drops Secret Ballot in Parliamentary Election http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1241691.html :The Washington Post Article date:25 February 1988 Author:Blaine Harden
32. ^ "kenya.html". Religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu. http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/rihand/Kenya.html. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
33. ^ David M. Anderson, "Kenya's Elections 2002 - The Dawning of a New Era?" African Affairs 2003 102(407): 331-342
34. ^ Kenya election violence threatens its economic gains http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/language_tips/auvideo/2008-01/07/content_6375707.htm
35. ^ "Up to 1,000 killed in Kenya crisis - Odinga". Reuters. 7 January 2008.
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37. ^ a b c Samir Elhawary (2008) Crisis in Kenya: land, displacement and the search for 'durable solutions' Overseas Development Institute
38. ^ 'Hope is back' for Kenya - CNN.com at edition.cnn.com
39. ^ Kenyan MPs pass power-share law english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/111A3F40-0FD9-4DCB-ACB0-822D1E3A09EA.htm Al Jazeera English 18 March
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42. ^ Central Bureaus of Statistics (Kenya): Census cartography: The Kenyan Experience
43. ^ Kenya Roads Board Constituency funding under the RMLF
44. ^ Fengler, Wolfgang. "Kenya Economic Update". The World Bank. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/KENYAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:22600594~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:356509,00.html. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
45. ^ a b c d Kenya country profile. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (June 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
46. ^ Barber, Lionel; Andrew England (10 August 2006). "China's scramble for Africa finds a welcome in Kenya". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a51a39d2-280c-11db-b25c-0000779e2340.html. Retrieved 27 June 2008.
47. ^ "Why a new president may slow population growth". Csmonitor.com. 14 January 2008.
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54. ^ a b IAAF: Changes of Allegiance 1998 to 2005
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56. ^ New Vision, 3 June 2004: Wrangles land Kenya indefinite FIFA ban
57. ^ The Auto Channel, 21 July 2001: FIA RALLY: Delecour takes points finish on Safari Rally debut

External links
Swahili language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Find more about Kenya on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Definitions from Wiktionary
Images and media from Commons
Learning resources from Wikiversity
News stories from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks

Government

* Government Spokeperson Office of the Government Spokesperson of the Republic of Kenya.
* Government of Kenya Official site.
* Kenya Law Reports Kenyan Legislation, Case Law, Official Gazette Notices and legal Info.
* State House Kenya Official site State House, Kenya.
* Chief of State and Cabinet Members

General

* Country Profile from BBC News
* Republic of Kenya General Info
* Kenya from the Encyclopaedia Britannica
* Kenya entry at The World Factbook
* Kenya from UCB Libraries GovPubs
* Kenya at the Open Directory Project
* Wikimedia Atlas of Kenya

Media

* Kenya news media list from Stanford University

Tourism

* Kenya Tourist Board (Magical Kenya) official travel and tourism guide
* Kenya travel guide from Wikitravel

History

* 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica on the Kenya Colony
* 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica on the 1908 Demarcation of the Ethiopian-Kenyan Border

Other

* Humanitarian information coverage on ReliefWeb
* Kenya Coast bibliography. Academic bibliography, mostly in English, compiled by Jan Hoorweg, Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden.
* Kimaiyo, Towett J. (2004). Ogiek Land Cases and Historical Injustices — 1902–2004. Nakuru, Kenya: Ogiek Welfare Council. pp. 127 pages + appendices. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071029164155/http://www.geocities.com/OgiekLand/. (Full text of book at link.)
* "Who Owns Kenya? — What is the Queen Doing in Parliament?". 31 March 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-03-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20080318221033/http://www.geocities.com/WhoOwnsKenya/.
* Rural poverty in Kenya (IFAD)
* Kenyan View A photographic approach to Kenya's beauty.
* Solar cooking history and recent developments in Kenya