tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38592617296505918282024-03-05T01:14:26.304-08:00Free online ads web site.About 500,000 new classifieds with high quality images!!!!
By Category
* Ad Industry Buzz
* Advertising Materials
* Advertising Agencies
* Creating Ads
* Ad Careers
* Freelancing
* Public Relations
* Promotions
* Professional Development
* Ad History and Glossary
* Education and Training
* Business Campaigns
* Consumer Questions
* Success Strategiespesapayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02806498962570303245noreply@blogger.comBlogger387125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859261729650591828.post-75034208946003465472011-07-11T10:11:00.001-07:002011-07-11T10:11:45.134-07:00+1The +1 button and search results<br />
How does +1 affect search results? Does +1 affect my site’s performance in search? How will the +1 button affect my traffic? Will +1’s from my site show up in search results? How does the +1 button affect my ads?<br />
Who sees +1?<br />
Who can see the +1 button in Google Search? Who can see annotations from +1 buttons? Will users on mobile browsers see the +1 button? Are +1's public?<br />
Adding the +1 button to a site<br />
How do I add the +1 button to my site? Where should I put the +1 button on my pages? Can I place multiple buttons on a single page that all +1 different URLs? What languages is the +1 button available in? How often will Google crawl my +1'd pages? How does +1 work with Buzz? Do we still need the Google Buzz button? Some of my users get a security warning when they view pages with the +1 button. How do I get rid of this?<br />
Configuring the +1 button<br />
What button sizes are available? What does the "Language" drop-down control?<div class="blogger-post-footer">ADVANCED DATA TECHNOLOGIES
WHERE THE
REAL AND VIRTUAL
WORLDS MEETS.
For: web Hosting . programming,SOFTWARE/WED DEVELOPMENT, internet provider, computer and laptop sales
Contact 254721554737, EMAIL. MILLIONAREDOLLAR@YAHOO.COM</div>pesapayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02806498962570303245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859261729650591828.post-36548971629238376462011-07-11T09:51:00.001-07:002011-07-11T09:52:29.703-07:00google+1<!-- Place this tag in your head or just before your close body tag --><br />
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js"></script><br />
<br />
<!-- Place this tag where you want the +1 button to render --><br />
<g:plusone></g:plusone><div class="blogger-post-footer">ADVANCED DATA TECHNOLOGIES
WHERE THE
REAL AND VIRTUAL
WORLDS MEETS.
For: web Hosting . programming,SOFTWARE/WED DEVELOPMENT, internet provider, computer and laptop sales
Contact 254721554737, EMAIL. MILLIONAREDOLLAR@YAHOO.COM</div>pesapayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02806498962570303245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859261729650591828.post-61819852500644933092011-07-11T09:29:00.001-07:002011-07-11T09:29:20.502-07:00FOREX INTRODUCTIONFOREx IS TRADING IN FOREIGN CURRENCY. Foreign currency trading gives us the opportunity to participate in the worlds’ largest and most liquid market .more than 2-4 trillion us dollars exchange hands daily. <br />
Note this no single event, individual or institution can rule this market due to its large liquidity. Traders see very large profits from trading in this market but always remember that the market is highly speculative and volatile,( while you can make a lot of money on forex ,you can also lose a lot on forex trade.)<br />
Develop your own strategies for trading and test those strategies using demonstration accounts before you start forex trading your own money. Remember, though, you should never trade forex unless you are using money you can afford to lose; forex is a high –risk endeavor.<br />
In my book I have grouped the lessons as follows: -<br />
1.”EXPLORING THE WORLD OF MONEY,” looks at why you should consider trading forex, Then delves into how forex got started and introduces you to the language of money,you will find the resources for how to follow the money money in daily news reports.<br />
2. DECIPHERING MONEY DIFFERENCIES. Gives you the opportunity to learn why the currency values change and how the foreign exchange market work. You will also learn the safest currencies to trade-currencies of the developed world (majors) and upcoming economies (exotic currencies-this is emerging nations whose currencies may be worth considering once you understand the foreign currency market), its risks and how to trade in it.<br />
3. TRADING BASICS: INTRODUCES YOU TO WHAT NEEDED TO TRADE. Computer hardware and software, internet. Introduces you to the basics of technical and fundamental analysis to help you research your potential trades, then you explore the various risks you must take in order to trade in the forex,<br />
] 4.TOOLS FOR TRADING: Explores how you can develop your own money strategies, as well as basics for actually placing your trades. Information about forex mini accounts. Also alert to avoid getting caught up in forex fraud.<br />
DISCLAIMER<div class="blogger-post-footer">ADVANCED DATA TECHNOLOGIES
WHERE THE
REAL AND VIRTUAL
WORLDS MEETS.
For: web Hosting . programming,SOFTWARE/WED DEVELOPMENT, internet provider, computer and laptop sales
Contact 254721554737, EMAIL. MILLIONAREDOLLAR@YAHOO.COM</div>pesapayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02806498962570303245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859261729650591828.post-54857222981315316922011-06-05T09:50:00.000-07:002011-06-05T09:50:22.541-07:00Suggestions to an activity booklet addressing child protection issues - ideas to life skill sessions in CHRISC<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The idea is that the activity booklet about child protection issues (see suggestions below) can be a material that every leader in CHRISC (coaches and other activity leaders in particular) can use as a tool for planning and carrying out life skills sessions with CHRISC participants. So far, I have put down questions that I think are relevant for the topics that I wish the activity booklet could address. Some of the questions under each topic could be used directly in life skill sessions, stimulating discussion/sharing of views among participants (the activity leader would of course need to take into consideration the participants’ age and level of maturity in determining which questions he/she would give to the participants). In other cases, movement/KAO games or other practical exercises could be used to initiate discussion/sharing of views among participants. The activity leader could choose to ask the participants any of the questions found in the activity booklet (concerning a certain topic addressed through the movement/KAO game/practical exercise), or use the questions in the activity booklet as a reference/source of ideas. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Developing the child protection activity booklet involves two exercises: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Theoretical exercise: Gathering literature about the issues to be addressed in the booklet (children’s rights, sexual abuse/violence, domestic violence etc.) I have gathered literature about some of the suggested topics. Sections in the “Activity Book compiled collection KAO Network” (2010), “CHRISC Kenya KAO manual”, “Sex and sexuality curriculum” and “Drugs and drug abuse training manual” will also provide relevant information. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">“Practical”/creative exercise: Suggesting approaches (movement/KAO games, other practical exercises, questions for discussion/reflection etc.) for putting forth the message concerning the topics addressed in the activity booklet. Finding appropriate ways of implementing and sharing life skill messages; designing the activity booklet.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Content:</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Childhood, children and children’s rights</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Values and norms</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Attitude and behavior</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gender </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Identity</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Role model</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Our community</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Good and bad touches </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Decision-making</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Peer pressure</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Behavior and behavior change</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Drug abuse</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Power and influence</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>14.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Violence</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>15.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Domestic violence and/or gender based violence </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>16.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Corporal punishment and positive disciplining? </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(I tolerate if you think that this topic is too sensitive/problematic to discuss, but focusing on the issue of positive disciplining (if choosing to do so) could contribute to participants’ adopting positive attitudes towards alternative ways of teaching children good behavior and correcting unwanted behavior rather than through the use of corporal punishment). </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>17.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sexual and reproductive health (SRH)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>18.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sexual violence/abuse</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>19.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Conflict and conflict resolution</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Childhood, children and children’s rights</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">From The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) and “Consulting” (PLAN International pdf-file):</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who is a child? (Definition of a child)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Suggestion of exercise:</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The facilitator asks the participants to determine whether examples are children (a 17 year old boy in custody, a 14 year old girl who steals etc… To challenge the participants’ perception of who is a child.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is childhood?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What characterizes children? What characterizes adults? (Comparison between children and adults: difference in age, experience, knowledge, vulnerability etc.)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What do these differences tell us about vulnerability of children?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is a right?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(What is CRC)?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Which rights do children have? </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Suggestion of exercise</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: A competition between two teams where the teams are asked to name as many children’s rights as possible. The team that mentions most children’s rights wins the game.<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Why do children have these rights? (Vulnerability, immaturity etc.)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(What is ACRWC)?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is a duty?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Which duties do children have?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Suggestion of exercise:</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (See the exercise above but where the task is to mention as many children’s duties as possible).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Values and norms</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span> </span>What is a value?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- What are some values in your society? What are some values in your life? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- Why do you think these are values in your society? Why have you chosen these to be values in your life?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span> </span>What is good about values?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- Is there anything bad about values?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- (What is a norm?)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- (What are some norms in your society? What are some norms in your life?)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- Do we always let our values (and norms) guide our actions? Why/why not? (Temptation, peer pressure etc.)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">- What can we do in order to ensure that we let our values (and norms) guide our actions to a greater extent?<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Attitude and behavior</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is attitude?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is behavior?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Which factors influence </span><span>our attitude(s)? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 34.8pt;"><span>Why do these factors influence us?</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who influence us (the way we think and act) in our everyday lives?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How do this person/these people influence our attitudes and behaviors?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Is this influence positive (healthy) or negative (unhealthy)?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Give examples of positive attitudes</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Give examples of negative attitudes</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How can we promote positive attitudes and behaviors in our own lives and in the lives of others? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gender</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is the difference between ‘sex’ and ‘gender’?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is a gender norm</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who create and/or sustain gender norms?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Identity</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is identity?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What are the different components making up your identity? (Being a family member, a brother/sister, like music, focused on the importance of environmental protection, member of a science club at school, religious etc….. (Plural identities))</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What influences/shapes our identity?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Why does this/do these influence/shape our behavior?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Role model</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is a role model? Who is a role model?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who are your role model(s)? Why is this person/why are these people your role model(s)?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Are all role models good? (Do all of them have positive influence on people who look up to them?) Why/why not? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Is it good to be a role model to others? Why/why not?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How can we become role models for others (in the positive sense of a role model)? What do we need to think about if others should want to have us as their role models? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Our community</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is positive/good in your community? (What do you like in your community?)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What are the challenges facing your community? (For children, youths, adults)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What are the causes of these challenges?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What are the consequences of these challenges?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who are mostly affected by these challenges?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What can we do in order to reduce these challenges?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Draw/describe the village/society/community of your dreams. What does it look like? Why would you desire the village/society/community of your dreams to be like this?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Good and bad touches</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (See “Kroppen min” for the youngest children)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">If someone touches any part of our body, what determines whether this touch feels good or bad? (Whether the person is a boy or a girl, a man or a woman, whether we know the person well or not (trust etc.), the part of our body that he/she touches, whether we want to be touched or not (e.g. the difference between a friend holding around us (in a friendly way) and a stranger coming to hold around us… etc.)<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Suggestion of exercise: </span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">“The comfort zone” (Demonstration by activity leader(s). The activity leader(s) demonstrate the difference between how he/she feels when a friend holds around him/her or a stranger holds around him/her….. The difference between feeling comfort or discomfort. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Suggestion of exercise</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: “Trust”. Participants stand in a circle. A blind-folded person in the middle. The blind-folded is supposed to “fall” towards people in the circle while people in the circle are supposed to support the weight of the person when he/she falls towards them. Message of the game: 1) Sometimes in life, we lack control (blind-folded person). Our security and well-being depends on people around us to respect us and not misuse their power (able to see) to abuse us in any way. 2) To trust others is an important feeling and it is a gift to those whom we don’t trust. In this game, we are all friends, and we therefore want the best for our blind-folded friend: we want to protect him from falling and hurting himself/herself. But in life, there are many dangers. We should not give people our trust whom we don’t know/who does not deserve our trust. NB! Decide your “comfort zone” towards different people in your life! E.g. siblings, parents, grandparents, aunts and uncles, friends, teachers etc.) NB! This decision is <i>your </i>choice only! (NB: “Comfort zone” for different people with whom we associate)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is trust? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Is trust important? Why/why not?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who do you trust in your life? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What makes you trust this person/these people? (What characterize people that we trust?)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Which behaviors from another person can make us lose trust in him/her? Why would this behavior make us lose trust in him/her?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What can we do to make others trust in us? For older participants; the concept of trustworthiness)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Decision-making</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is a decision?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who make decisions?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who influence our decision-making?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Why do this person/these people influence our decision-making?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In which way does/do he/she/they influence our decision-making?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Is this influence positive or negative? Why?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is an ‘informed decision’? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is the difference between a decision and an informed decision?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Do you think it is important to make informed decisions? Why/why not?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How do we make an informed decision? (What are the steps in making an informed decision?) (a) Identifying our needs and interests in a particular situation, b) Analyze the situation that we are/will be in, c) identify possible courses of action, d) identify possible consequences that may arise from the different courses of action that we may take, e) choose a course of action, f) evaluation the success/failure of that action and the reason for the success/failure)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is a consequence?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Which issues is it especially important that we make informed decisions about? (Issues that regarding our body and health etc.) Why is it especially important that we make informed decisions about these issues? (Because the consequence(s) of these decisions are long-lasting (e.g. becoming pregnant if having sex, contracting HIV through ignoring modes of transmission, drug addiction, criminal offences due to engaging in criminal behaviors etc.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who (which people, groups, institutions) easily influence our decision-making?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Why can help us make informed decisions?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who may hinder </span><span>us from making informed decisions?</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What can we do in order to make more informed decisions?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Peer pressure</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is peer pressure?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Which issues/acts are people easily pressured about?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What can we do in order to restrain from peer pressure?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How can we help others to restrain from peer pressure?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Behavior and behavior change</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is a behavior?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is behavior change? What characterize the behavior change process? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What are some behaviors that can benefit from behavior change? (Drug addiction, sexual activity etc.) </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span>Why would a person benefit from changing such behaviors? (These behaviors can have a negative impact on the person’s life and/or on other people’s lives)</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who can foster behavior change in someone’s life?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What characterize people who may be in a position to influence behavior change in someone? (Trustworthy, empathic, patient etc.)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Which factors affect/are crucial in the behavior process? (Intrinsic motivation to succeed in changing behavior, continuous support from others, the person making short-term and concrete goals etc.)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Drug abuse</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is a drug? (Legal and illegal drugs and the use of drugs in different circumstances (e.g. drugs as medication and drugs as abuse))</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Give examples of common drugs in your community/society</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Why do some people decide to take drugs? (Idleness, curiosity, peer pressure, hunger etc.)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who are especially at risk of taking drugs?<span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How do drugs affect the body?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How do drugs affect the brain?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What can taking drugs lead to? (Consequences of taking drugs) (Reduced ability to make informed decisions, addiction, damage to the brain, violence, criminal behaviors, increased sexual activity, death etc.) </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is drug addiction?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How can we best approach and help someone who takes drugs?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What can we do in order to prevent that children/youths take drugs? (Individually, in the family, in the community, in society)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is drug abuse?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Power and influence</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is power? What is influence?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is misuse of power? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In which situation may someone be likely to misuse power? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What are consequences of power being misused?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What can we do in order to prevent/protect ourselves from others misusing their power towards us? (Know our rights etc.)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>14.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Violence</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is violence?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mention different types of violence</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who are mostly affected by the different types of violence? (Girls or boys, women or men?)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who are most often responsible for violence? (Who are most often violent?)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What are the causes of violence?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What are the consequences of violence?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Is it important to speak up against violence? Why/why not?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">If you think it is important, how can we speak up against violence?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How can we help someone who is a victim of violence? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What can we do in order to reduce incidents of violence? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>15.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Domestic violence and/or gender based violence</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is domestic violence? / Gender based violence?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Does domestic violence take place in your community? Why/why not do you think? What do you think about it?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Are both men and women victims of domestic violence in your community? Why/why not? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who are mostly affected by domestic violence (who does most often become victims of domestic violence)? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What are the causes of domestic violence/gender based violence? (Lack of knowledge about the fact that domestic violence is a violation of human rights, ignorance (we don’t do enough to speak up against domestic violence, drug abuse/alcohol abuse, poverty etc.)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What are some of the possible consequences that people (children and/or adults) who are victims of domestic violence face?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Is it important to speak up against domestic violence/gender based violence? Why/why not?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How can we best approach and help someone who is a victim of domestic violence in our family/community?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What can we do in order to reduce the incidents of domestic violence?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>16.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Corporal punishment and positive discipline?</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is corporal punishment?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What do you think about corporal punishment? Is it a good way of punishing/installing positive behavior in children? Why/why not?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In which other ways (than corporal punishment) can a child be corrected/punished and learn positive/good behavior? </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">NB! According to PLAN International’s “Learn without Fear” global campaign to end corporal punishment, sexual violence and bullying in schools, 2008, corporal punishment in schools is forbidden by law in Kenya, but not in Tanzania, Uganda and Rwanda. PLAN International has developed a material to promote “positive discipline” – an alternative method of disciplining children. <span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>17.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sexual and reproductive health (SRH)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Issues concerning SRH</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>18.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sexual violence/abuse</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is sexual violence/abuse? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Types of sexual violence/abuse</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who are mostly affected by sexual violence/abuse?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Who is always responsible for the sexual abuse, no matter the circumstance? (The older and never the child!)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What can cause someone to be sexually abused? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What are the causes as to why some people decide to commit the crime of abusing a child sexually? </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Which consequences may victims of sexual violence/abuse face? (Unwanted pregnancy, trauma, feeling of guilt and/or shame, losing trust in others (particularly people who resemble (in age or sex) the abuser etc.)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How can we best approach and help someone who has been sexually abused in our family/school/community?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What can we do in order to prevent sexual abuse?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">NB! According to PLAN International’s “Learn without Fear” global campaign to end corporal punishment, sexual violence and bullying in schools, 2008, sexual violence in schools is forbidden by law in Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Uganda. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 35.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>19.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Conflict resolution</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What is a conflict?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What are different examples of conflict?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Why do conflicts arise?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What are possible consequences of conflict?</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">How can we prevent conflict?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Suggestions of exercises</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: “Pulling the rope” and other games about conflict and conflict resolution (See “The big book of conflict resolution”)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">References: </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">“Child advocates”, PLAN Togo, pdf-file</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-right: 1.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">HIV/AIDS guidance and counseling course, Kampala, 2009</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child - civil society organization's engagement with the ACRWC committee (''advancingchildrenrights''-pdf-file)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Child advocates supporting children to stand up for their rights! A paper for adult facilitators of children and youth organizations (PLAN Togo-pdf)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Organizing a special event (Code of conduct in working with children), PLAN Togo (pdf-file)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Learn without Fear – PLAN International’s global campaign to end corporal punishment, sexual violence and bullying in schools, 2008</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Etikk for helse- og sosialarbeidarar</span></i><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, 2nd edition, 1992, Det Norske Samlaget, Einar Aadland</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">My dream village/community</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, PLAN International, (pdf-file)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Youth advocates</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, PLAN International (pdf-file)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Last updated: 08.05.2011</span></div><br />
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Contact 254721554737, EMAIL. MILLIONAREDOLLAR@YAHOO.COM</div>pesapayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02806498962570303245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859261729650591828.post-51064160509145509252011-05-29T13:01:00.000-07:002011-05-29T13:01:30.751-07:00THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP IN STRATEGIC CHANGE IMPLEMENTATION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><img src="http://img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" style="background-color: #b2b2b2; " class="BLOGGER-object-element tr_noresize tr_placeholder" id="ieooui" data-original-id="ieooui" /> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP IN STRATEGIC CHANGE IMPLEMENTATION IN TELKOM KENYA AND UCHUMI SUPERMARKET</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Introduction.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.0<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Background. </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This chapter forms the basis of this study and it looks at the background of the study from a global, regional and local point of view. The study also highlights the statement of the problem, research objectives and questions, significant of the problem, scope of the study, limitations and assumptions of the study and the definition of terms that will be constantly in use in the study.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">concepts: strategies, change management.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chew, Cheng and Lazarevic (2006) in their study on manager’s role in implementing organizational change in an organization Europe found that managers and most employees agreed that in an organization, there is always room for improvement but what matters is the support from the management towards the same. The researchers measured improvement through how employees were motivated. They noted that the core element in changing an organization is the working environment. According to the respondents, it was common understanding that a pleasant workplace would keep employees happy. High-spirited employees would be able to establish and maintain harmonious working relationship with workmates and contribute to keeping high morale. The researchers concluded that managers should always maintain a pleasant workplace for employees to keep them motivated because a stressful environment would result to negative input form the employees, in other words, without support from the managers, employees would be de-motivated. The implied that realizing the value of effective employees’ cooperation and collaboration and motivation in the work place is very important. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The researchers further found that communication was vital in implementing strategic change. The interviews they conducted, they found that effective communication played a significant role in ensuring a restaurant’s successful operations. They observed that this in turn impacted on employees’ productivity. Further, Communication was important amongst managers to employees, and also in employee to employee relationships. Most of the interviewed employees concurred that listening skills, as part of effective communication, is one of the key competencies that a manager ought to possess at all times. Before, during and after the implementation of change, managers should listen to employees’ opinions and understand their perspective and feelings on the imposed changes. This would further help managers to introduce future organizational change. This was supported by Levasseur (2001) who argue that managers should have the initiative to interact with employees and keep them informed about any organizational change. By maintaining communication and listening to employees, managers can understand their unfulfilled needs and resistance to change. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In a study on strategic change leadership in Ericksson, a mobile phone service provider in Australia (Graetz, 2000) in a cross-case analysis revealed that the role that change leadership plays in promoting and sustaining the change agenda is very important. The role of the management was identified as that of establishing a direction which other employees could follow. This was supported by (Jackson, 1997) who argue that the need for strong, personal leadership from the top that provides a clear overarching vision and focus is critical especially when an organization seeks to discard their traditional, hierarchical organizational structures in favour of leaner, flatter boundary less forms comprising smaller, autonomous and networking units. Ericsson was found to vouch for personal involment of the managing director in communication the vision, mission and objectives of the of the organization. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In a study on leading strategic change in the provision of legal services to the Eastern Cape Provincial government in South Africa (Beningfield, 2006) observed that an effective leader is the one who is able to face challenges that arise from changes in an organization. This type of leaders lead in the realization that their people are the real treasures of the organization and that they should be strategic in nurturing a sense of trust as a partaker in the transformation process. The respondents observed that the managers’ response to problem solving was key to how changes were implemented in the government. A common expectation was that the management should be play a change agent role.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abunya, Amin, Molyneux, Akwale,Marsh and Gilson (2010) in their study on importance of strategic management in the implementation of private medicine retailer programs in three districts in Kenya through 24 focus group discussions with clients and managers of the programmes observed that the Kisii program was successful because there was good relationships between the district health managers and the resource teams, supported by a memorandum of understanding which enabled successful implementation.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It had flexible budgetary and decision making processes which were responsive to local contexts, and took account of local socio-economic activities. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The researchers observed that in contrast, the Kwale programme, which had implementation challenges, was characterized by a complex funding process, with lengthy timelines, that was tied to the government financial management system which constrained implementation Although there was a flexible funding system in Bungoma, a perceived lack of transparency in fund management, inadequate management of inter-organisational relationships, and inability to adapt and respond to changing circumstances led to implementation difficulties. The researchers concluded that for effective scaling up of the programmes, the provision of technical support</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">and adequate resources were vital, but not sufficient on their own. An active strategy to manage relationships between implementing actors through effective communication mechanisms was essential. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Orange</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> is the only integrated telecommunications solutions provider operating in Kenya (Telkom Kenya, 2011).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was established as a telecommunications operator under the Companies Act in 1999.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They offer mobile telephony services under the GSM and CDMA platforms, fixed line telephone services and internet services. Orange also owns shares in the TEAMS and EASSy cables, in addition to running the National Optic Fibre Backbone Initiative (NOFBI) and its own terrestrial fibre optic network- supporting its data carrier-to-carrier business. They currently cover the entire country on both the voice and data channels, with comprehensive plans in place to meet the Universal Service Provision’s requirements set out by the industry regulator in Kenya, the Communications Commission of Kenya (CCK). Orange is part of the Lower Indian Ocean Network (LION) cable - an under-sea fibre optic cable connecting Kenya to Madagascar and the rest of the world - that is set to go live in the first half of 2012. Telkom Kenya Observe that founded on friendliness, straightforwardness, honesty, refreshment and dynamism. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The researcher observes that with the partnership between Kenya’s and </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">France Telcom Group, which saw the launch of the Orange brand in Kenya in 2008, the new corporate identity was inspired by new investments and a fresh new approach to doing business. However, it is noted that there is limited data on the changes and the impact they have created and the management’s role in the same. That is why this study is being conducted. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.2 Statement of the Problem</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Against a backdrop of increasing globalization, deregulation, the rapid pace of technological innovation, a growing knowledge workforce, and shifting social and demographic trends, few would dispute that the primary task of management today is the leadership of organizational change (Jackson, 1997). Today’s organizations engaging in businesses have to contend with the dynamics of a changing competitive environment. However the modern trend has shifted from external environmental analysis only to more sophisticated internal organizational analysis. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chew, Cheng and Lazarevic (2006) they noted that the core element in changing an organization is the working environment. They observed that it was common understanding that a pleasant workplace would keep employees happy. High-spirited employees would be able to establish and maintain harmonious working relationship with workmates and contribute to keeping high morale. The researchers concluded that managers should always maintain a pleasant workplace for employees to keep them motivated because a stressful environment would result to negative input form the employees, in other words, without support from the managers, employees would be de-motivated. The implied that realizing the value of effective employees’ cooperation and collaboration and motivation in the work place is very important. They also emphasized the effect of good communication. Elsewhere, (Beningfield, 2006) observed that an effective leader is the one who is able to face challenges that arise from changes in an organization. This type of leaders lead in the realization that their people are the real treasures of the organization and that they should be strategic in nurturing a sense of trust as a partaker in the transformation process and Abunya et al (2006) argued that good relationship between managers and implementers of programs was key while noting that complex funding systems, lengthy timelines, and lack of transparency from the management’s side brought challenges on implementation of programs meant to bring change. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">As noted earlier, Uchumi supermarket and Telkom Kenya are tow organizations that form a basis for this study to look into the role of leadership in strategic change implementation. Uchumi has successfully management to make a turn about after being closed for a while and the Telkom Kenya has in the past attempted to implement changes through partnerships in order to provide better services to the company. The researcher therefore seeks to find out whether establishment by the management of the direction a company should take, the support form the management, communication and the ability to solve problems can actually enhance successful strategic change implementation. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3 General Objectives</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The general objective of the study is to investigate the role of leadership in strategic change implementation in Telkom Kenya and Uchumi supermarket in Kenya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4 research Objectives</span></b></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The study will be based on the following specific objectiv</span><br />
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<div class="Section1"> <h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873503"></a><a href="" name="_Toc285175386"></a><a href="" name="_Toc285175314"></a><a href="" name="_Toc283865999"></a><a href="" name="_Toc283865550"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc283865999;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc285175314;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc285175386;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873503;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADOPTION OF E-BUSINESS AMONG TOURS AND TRAVEL FIRMS IN NAIROBI</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BY </b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PETER MACHARIA KAMAU</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BUS – 3 - 472 - 05</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A Research Thesis Proposal Submitted to Kenya Methodist University in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirement for Award of Degree of Master of Business Administration</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 177.0pt center 3.0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">JANUARY 2011</b></div></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="Section2"> <h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873504"></a><a href="" name="_Toc277979187"></a><a href="" name="_Toc275942235"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277979187;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873504;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">DECLARATION</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">This research proposal is my original work and has not been presented for a degree or a Diploma in any other examination body. No part of this project may be reproduced without the prior permission of the author and/or the University.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PETER MACHARIA KAMAU<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>………………………..<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>……………….</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">BUS – 3 - 472 - 05<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Sign<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Date</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc265725905"></a><a href="" name="_Toc212446855"></a><a href="" name="_Toc210976417"></a><a href="" name="_Toc209967819"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc210976417;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc212446855;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc265725905;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DECLARATION BY SUPERVISORS</b></span></span></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">This research proposal has been submitted for examination with our approval as University Supervisor(s).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">Dr…………………………………….</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873505"></a><a href="" name="_Toc277979188"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873505;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ABSTRACT</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Recent research in developing countries of Africa indicates that the use of ICTs is growing exponentially (Kareithi, 2003; CCK, 2010). This trend therefore means that ICTs have become an avoidable reality for enterprises world-wide as they endeavor to survive and develop new markets. There is a very significant threat that countries which do not enter actively into the information age will be increasingly marginalized in the twenty-first century. The extent to which entrepreneurs in the tourism industry in Kenya can actually benefit from the utilization of this potential and the factors that influence the adoption of this potential has been unclear. As such, the main purpose of this study will be to find out the factors affecting the adoption of E-business among tours and travel firms in Nairobi.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The study will employ the use of descriptive research design as a design strategy. The target population will be owners, employees of the travel agency companies as well as government officials in the ministry of tourism, Kenya Tourism Board. The target population will be tourism industries within the MSEs sector in Kenya covering travel agencies. The sample population will be taken from Nairobi. The target population for this study will be 55 travel agency companies in Nairobi. This translates to 440 employee respondents comprising of top management staff and middle level management. The study will randomly sample 30% of the target population; as such, the total sample size will be 132. The study will sample 30% because Patton (2002) recognizes 30% as an adequate sample size in a survey study. The main research instrument that will be used in this study will be questionnaires.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The data from the completed questionnaires will be cleaned, re-coded and entered into the computer using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) for Windows for analysis. Descriptive statistics (i.e. frequency analysis) will be computed for presenting and analyzing the data in order to answer the research questions. The study is important because it will provide empirical information on the utilization of ICTs to access and manage information by tours and travel firm entrepreneurs in the tourism industry. This information can be used by policy makers to come up with policies that will support diffusion and use of ICT in the country.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873506"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TABLE OF CONTENTS</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873503"><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873504">DECLARATION<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">i</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873505">ABSTRACT<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ii</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873506">TABLE OF CONTENTS<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">iii</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873507">LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">iv</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873508">CHAPTER ONE<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873509">1.0 INTRODUCTION<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873510">1.1 Background of the Study<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873511">1.2 Statement of the Problem<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">5</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873512">1.3 Purpose of the Study<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">7</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873513">1.4 Research Objectives-<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">7</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue; mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873514">1.5 Research questions<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">7</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873515">1.6 Significance of the Study<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">7</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873516">1.7 Scope of the study<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">8</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873517">1.8 Operational Definition of Terms-<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">8</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873518">CHAPTER TWO<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">10</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873519">2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">... </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">10</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873520">2.1 Introduction<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">10</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873521">2.2 Theoretical Review<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">10</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873522">2.3 Review of Related Literature<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">13</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873523">2.3.1 Small Tourism Enterprises and E-business<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">13</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873524">2.3.2 Government and ICT Institutional Policies in Kenya<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">14</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873525">2.4 Empirical Review<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">17</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873526">2.4.5 Critical Review of major issues<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">27</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873527">2.5 Conceptualization<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">29</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873528">2.6 Operationalization<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">29</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873529">CHAPTER THREE<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">32</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873530">3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">32</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873531">3.1 Introduction<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">32</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873532">3.2 Research Design<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">32</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873533">3.3 Target Population<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">33</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873534">3.4 Sampling Design<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">33</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873535">3.5 Data Collection<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">34</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873536">3.5.1 Research Instruments<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">34</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873537"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Interviews</i><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">35</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873538">3.5.2 Validity of the Research Instrument<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">35</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873539">3.5.3 Reliability of the Research Instrument<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">36</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873540">3.5.4 Administration of Research Instruments<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">37</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873541">3.6 Data Analysis<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">37</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873542">APPENDICES<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">44</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873543">APPENDIX I - TIME SCHEDULE<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">44</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc3"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc287873544">APPENDIX II - BUDGET SCHEDULE<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">45</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc3"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CCK<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:</b> Communication Commission of Kenya</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">GDS<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:</b> Global Distribution Systems</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CRS<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:</b> Computerized Reservation Systems</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ICT<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:</b> Information Communication Technology</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">IPAR<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:</b> Institute of Public Analysis and Research</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">IT<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:</b> Information technology</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SPSS<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:</b> Statistical package for Social Sciences</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873508"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER ONE</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873509"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.0 INTRODUCTION</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873510"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1 Background of the Study</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Tourism is the fastest growing industry in the world (Foster, 2004).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It plays an important role in the economy of a country.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Kenya, it is the second foreign exchange earner after agriculture. Tourism is an amalgam of various components. The basics of which are; attraction, accommodation and transportation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The tourism products are sold through varied and multiple distribution channels (Kandiri, 2006).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These are either done directly or indirectly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Direct means involve sale through the internet or representatives of service providers such as airlines, railway companies, hotels among others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The indirect distribution channels entails intermediaries such as travel agents, tour operators, consolidators and air brokers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Travel agents are the major distribution channels used in selling tourism products on behalf of service providers to clients.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">The advent of the Internet is also having profound impacts on the industry: travel and tourism has become the single largest category of products/services sold over the Internet and the proportion of business being transacted through this medium is constantly growing. </span>Advancement in Information Communication Technologies has posed a major threat of disintermediation of the traditional travel agencies. ‘Traditional principal intermediaries, travel agencies, in the distribution chain throughout the world are under the threat of disintermediation’ (Kareithi, 2003).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">There are several impacts that are being experienced by the travel agents such as zero commissions paid by airlines, increased use of internet and other online services to obtain travel information and make airline reservations by clients (Ikoja and Ochola, 2004).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition, customers have increased demand, expectations and knowledge and they are themselves user of ICTs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The emergence of electronic markets is also likely to promote bypassing of travel agents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ICTs have the ability to reduce transaction cost.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are also allowing clients and service providers to communicate directly over data-rich, easy to use information channels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All the above trends are playing a significant role in by passing the traditional travel agencies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Different tourism researchers have debated the topic of disintermediation, particularly the elimination of the middleman in the customer-agent-destination/supplier network in the travel industry of the future (Freund, Konig and Roth, 2007).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The accessibility of online travel websites is reducing the importance of travel agencies and might result in their being passed altogether (Duncombe and Heeks, 2008). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The advent of online technologies and development of new distribution mechanisms that exploit these technologies presents a challenge to those traditional intermediaries who are unwilling or unable to implement changes in their own business practices. although travel agents still appear to have a substantial role in the industry, forces including ICT impacts, e-ticketing, changes to commission arrangements and a consolidation in the industry, have all been working towards a significant diminution of that role (IPAR, 2000).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">The future of the travel agencies will depend on their ability to adapt and utilise <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ICTs to the fullest potential (Foster, 2004).</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red;"> </span></i>Despite the disintermediation threats, most travel agencies are still thriving in their businesses. Most travel agencies all the world have managed to adopt various survival strategies. For instance, travel agencies have embraced the recent innovations in ICTs and they are repositioning themselves by offering their services online. Various online travel agencies have emerged such as expedia, travelocity, lastminute.com, e-bookers, web weekends and online travel corporations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These virtual travel agencies are posing a threat to the traditional travel agencies.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red;"> </span></i><span style="color: black;">Travel agents need to take good measures in order to benefit from ICTs trends <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and avoid emergent threats in the future (World Bank, 2009).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Research into the travel agency sector by tourism researchers has mainly focused on the need for travel agents to adopt strategies and embrace technology that will enable them cope in the ever changing technological environment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These developments have been studied in Canada, United state of America and Europe. In a study, that was carried out in Auckland in New Zealand, mainly focused on the perceptions, adoption and Impacts of ICTs. The results indicated that the main survival strategies adopted by the travel agents were customer and niche market orientation (Foster, 2004).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="DefaultStyle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has had more marked effects in the tourism industry than in many other business sectors. Emerging technologies have changed a growing number of tourist industry functions, from marketing and advertising to production and supply. New services have been made available, which have in turn influenced company choices and behaviour, and have led to the construction of new business models.</span></div><div class="DefaultStyle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="DefaultStyle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">These technological innovations started in the 1970s when the main airlines set up CRSs (Computerized Reservation Systems), with the strategic aim of building a global distribution network for their products. Connecting travel agencies to the CRSs set off a process of distribution automation involving an ever-increasing number of tour operators, carriers, car hire firms, individual hotels, hotel chains, and other hospitality firms. CRSs then became GDSs (Global Distribution Systems), enabling intermediaries to access all the different types of tourist services, with the result that services could be more flexible and customised. This was important in that customers were better informed, wanted a wider range of services, and were more difficult to satisfy. Access to GDSs was soon no longer an option but an obligation for travel agencies. They had to learn specific terminology, and new technical and technological skills.</span></div><div class="DefaultStyle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The sector became highly concentrated and was eventually dominated by four large, global operators which were able to operate internationally via a closely-knit network of agreements with local operators. The four were Amadeus, Galileo, Sabre and Wordspan.</span></div><div class="DefaultStyle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="DefaultStyle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Internet use took off in the 1990s although, of course, this varied from one country to another. It had an even greater impact on the tourist product distribution system. It changed the behaviour of potential customers and enabled them to obtain information independently and to organise their own trips, their own travel products. Internet transformed competition within the sector by encouraging new types of companies to join the industry, which affected the strategic, technical and operational choices made by operators already engaged in tourism. The most innovatory tourist industry firms set up their own websites so as to increase their advertising potential. Specialist and more general e-marketplaces were created which initially gave possible customers information but soon started to sell tourist services directly.</span></div><div class="DefaultStyle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="DefaultStyle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The IT revolution changed the sector dramatically; but the GDSs did not fade away, as was initially expected to be the case. The only reason for this was that they updated what they could supply by working even more closely with other firms in the sector. They did so by creating their own gateways and websites. In addition, various researchers have carried out research to evaluate the disintermediation risks being faced by travel agencies today. However, there is need for research to analysis on the constraints facing adoption of E-business by tours and travel firms (IPAR, 2000).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">The lack of effective ICT systems that can provide timely, accurate and relevant information to the needs of travel agencies is harming these enterprises by reducing incomes and increasing costs, affecting their competitive edge and their growth and development. Market failures have constrained entrepreneurship development in Kenya, as in many other developing countries, by limiting the necessary access to information, finance, labor skills, and business development services (BDS) to increase competitiveness and productivity (GOK, 2010). The lack of information and past experience with transactions is a common factor that limits the willingness of small firms to pay for services and potential suppliers to take risks (or calculate them reliably) or to adapt products to SMEs. Past dependence on government agencies for these services, often at highly subsidized rates, has in some way made SMEs not seek these services from private providers, who in turn have been crowded out (Kandiri, 2006). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Information and communication technologies can be used as tools to strengthen and develop, and improve on the existing information systems of tours and travel firms in Kenya. But they remain out of reach for the majority of entrepreneurs in terms of awareness, cost, poor information infrastructure and skills to utilize their potential. There is also the danger that if not integrated into the tours and travel information systems ICTs might further marginalize this group of entrepreneurs. On the other hand, the potential contribution of ICTs to entrepreneurs in tours and travel business can only be assessed by first understanding current constraints facing them in adoption of E-business.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873511"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2 Statement of the Problem</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">According to UNCTAD (2001), “internet-related technologies are considered the most strategic within the context of the new economy at the start of the twenty-first century”. Undoubtedly, the internet is democratic and its tourist contents are accessible worldwide. This brings an opportunity for developing countries to market their tourist destinations and products. However, only few emergent and developing countries are making efficient use of this innovation. In fact, it could be argued that the huge differences that separate developed and developing countries are perpetuated in the way they are available online. The great majority of developing countries reproduce in their homepages the lack of planning and strategies visible in their physical institutions.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">Past research in developing countries of Africa indicates that the use of ICTs is growing exponentially (Kareithi, 2003; CCK, 2010). This trend therefore means that ICTs have become an avoidable reality for enterprises world-wide as they endeavor to survive and develop new markets. There is a very significant threat that countries which do not enter actively into the information age will be increasingly marginalized in the twenty-first century. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In Kenya today, the micro and small enterprises must embrace ICTs to survive. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The UNDP Human Development Report (2001)</i> strongly supports technology as an essential ingredient in any development effort, and it proposes that subsequent interventions include technology of some kind. Employment in the private and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) requires an appropriate level of understanding of ICT, because of the growing use of the skill in conducting business. Development, as an individual or corporate, entrepreneur or employee, private or public body is becoming more dependent on the knowledge base of its units. The “knowledge worker” is rapidly replacing the labourer as basic activities are automated and consolidated by economies of scale because of globalization. Any economy, organization or government that misses this paradigm shift in human resource development will find it difficult to sustain growth and remain competitive (Waibochi, 2002).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus it is of vital importance to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of MSEs in the face of an increasingly globalized and knowledge-based economy and there is no better way than to embrace ICTs. Kareithi (2003) in his study ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Coping with Declining Tourism, Examples from Communities in Kenya’ found out that majority of the tours and travel firms were not able to market themselves competitively. The study attributed this to lack of adoption of ICTs. As such, this study would like to extend Kareithi’s (2003) study and investigate the constraints in the adoption of E-business among tours and travel firms in Nairobi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Similarly apart from being subjected to increased competition, entrepreneurs in the tourism industry are facing an increased demand for quality of products and services, and a growing demand for customised services. Surviving in this competitive environment will require raising the overall productivity, which in turn will require higher levels of management capacity. In this regard, the ability to acquire, process and effectively use business information becomes central. The extent to which entrepreneurs in the tourism industry in Kenya can actually benefit from the utilization of this potential and the factors that influence the adoption of this potential has been unclear. This study sets out to clarify this potential and assess the factors influencing the adoption of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adoption of E-business by tours and travel firms. The lack of knowledge on the potential of ICTs limits efforts to assist entrepreneurs in the tourism industry in their quest to use ICTs and thereby negatively affects their competitive edge in the global market. This therefore, presents a knowledge gap that this study envisages to establish.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873512"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3 Purpose of the Study</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The main purpose of this study will be to find out the factors influencing the adoption of E-business among tours and travel firms in Nairobi. <span style="color: red;"></span></div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873513"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4 Research Objectives-</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h1><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The objectives of this study will be to: <span style="color: red;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>To find out the relationship between cost of ICT and its adoption by tours and travel firms. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">To find out the effect of infrastructure on the adoption of ICT by tours and travel firms.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">To find out role of ICT knowledge and experience on the adoption of ICT by tours and travel firms.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">To explore the effect of government and institutional ICT policies on adoption.</span></div><h2 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873514"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">1.5 Research questions</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions will guide the study: </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>What is the relationship between cost of ICT and its adoption by tours and travel firms?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">What is the effect of infrastructure on the adoption ICTs by tours and travel firms?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">What is role of ICT knowledge and experience on the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adoption in tours and travel firms?</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">What is the effect of government and institutional ICT policies on adoption?</span></div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873515"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.6 Significance of the Study</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The study will give some insight into the factors that have inhibited adoption of ICT by tours and travel firms in Kenya. It therefore will provide stakeholders in this sector with remedial measures that need to be undertaken in addressing the challenges facing tour and travel firms in this era of globalization and information society.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The study is important because it will provide empirical information on the utilization of ICTs to access and manage information by tours and travel firm entrepreneurs in the tourism industry. This information can be used by policy makers to come up with policies that will support diffusion and use of ICT in the country. It will also permit policy makers to integrate tours and travel firms into national and international information supply chains using modern communication technologies.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">It is hoped that the outcome of the study will provide practical suggestions on policies and programs that can help Kenya utilize ICTs for effective poverty eradication through the growth of economically sustainable enterprises and the quality employment they generate.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The study will be useful to researchers in the tourism industry and related industries. In addition the findings of the research can also be used as a basis for further research in the area.</span></div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873516"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.7 Scope of the study</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873516;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The study will focus on the diffusion of ICTs among MSEs in the tourism industry in Nairobi, Kenya. It will explore the factors influencing the adoption of ICT in the tourism industry including cost, infrastructure, ICT knowledge and experience and government policies. The field of analysis will be limited to tours and travel firms in Nairobi. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Therefore the study will restrict itself to tours and travel firms in the tourism industries that are registered with the ministry of tourism. In addition, the research will only cover the portion of ICTs that are new and emerging such as computers, mobile phones, faxes, the internet and e-mail services. </span></div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873517"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.8 Operational Definition of Terms-</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="color: red;"></span></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">The following terms will be used in this study to convey the meaning shown below.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Adoption - </span>Use new technology to support traditional instruction/tasks.<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Information Communication Technology - </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">an umbrella term that includes all <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>technologies for the manipulation and communication of information<b>.</b></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Business Models - </span>describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>captures value- economic, social, or other forms of value (CCK, 2010).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">E- business</span> - application of information and communication technologies (ICT) in <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>support of all the activities of business (Foster, 2004). Commerce constitutes the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>exchange of products and services between businesses, groups and individuals <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>and can be seen as one of the essential activities of any business. <span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Tourism Distribution System – Channels used to pass and share information in the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>tourism industry to the relevant stakeholders</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873518"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER TWO</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873519"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="color: red;"></span></span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873520"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1 Introduction</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="color: red;"></span></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">This chapter reviews literature related to the constraints in the adoption of E-business among tours and travel firms. Literature will be reviewed from books, journals, academic and government papers and the internet.</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873521"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2 Theoretical Review</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.2.1 Diffusion of Innovation Theory</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Davis (1989) Diffusion of Innovation theory, suggest that supposedly innate characteristics of the innovation are important in determining whether or not it is adopted. According to Straub (1997), information about the existence of innovations flows through social systems where the potential adopters are situated. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">The Diffusion of Innovations identify perceived attributes of an innovation as key predictors explaining adoption, and feature user intention to adopt a technology as the dependent variable. Davis (1989) identifies five perceived attributes of innovation as influencing adoption behavior: 1) relative advantage, 2) complexity, 3) compatibility, 4) trialability, and 5) observability. Relative advantage captures the extent to which a potential adopter views the innovation as offering an advantage over previous ways of performing the same task. Complexity refers to the degree to which an innovation is perceived as relatively difficult to understand and use. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Compatibility encompasses the degree to which an innovation is perceived as being consistent with the existing values, needs, and past experiences of potential adopters. Trialability measures the extent to which potential adopters perceive that they have an opportunity to experiment with the innovation prior to committing to its usage. Finally, observability indicates the degree to which the results of an innovation are visible to others. As such, this theory will be adopted since it directly applies to the study on why some tour and travel firms have completely adopted ICTs while some have adopted ICTs half-heartedly. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.2.2 Technology Acceptance Model</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Technology Acceptance model is useful for predicting if users will adopt new information technology and has also been shown to demonstrate good predictive validity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jasen (2002) in contrast to Davis (1989), explains adoption behavior by suggesting only two perceived attributes that influence innovative adoption: perceived usefulness and ease of use. Perceived usefulness is defined as the extent to which a person believes that using a particular technology, in this case<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a computer, will enhance job performance, while perceived ease of use is defined as the degree to which a person believes that using a technology will be free from effort. Davis’ concept of perceived usefulness is analogous to Rogers’ concept of relative advantage. Likewise, Davis’ concept of perceived ease of use is similar to Rogers’ reference to complexity.<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> </span>Clearly, Davis’ Technology Acceptance Model offers a more focused framework for predicting technology acceptance and use by potential adopters. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">As TAM (Davis, 1989) offers two attributes compared to the five attributes set forth in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Klein (2003). Diffusion of Innovations framework, the researcher Klein (2003) found that a smaller set of beliefs could predict current usage behavior, as well as future use intentions. Therefore, a more parsimonious set of beliefs have been selected for this research. TAM, the more parsimonious model, will be employed as the main model combining elements from other frameworks to explore factors impacting teachers’ perceptions of intention to use a computer. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">One of the most frequently cited technology adoption model is Davis (1989) Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The TAM adapted the Theory of Reasoned Action by incorporating technology into their model to explain usage behaviour of computers. Specifically TAM identifies the causal linkages between an individual user’s attitudes and perceptions toward technology and actual adoption of<span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"> technology.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">According to Davis (1989) , the goal of TAM is `` to provide an explanation of the determinants of computer acceptance that is general , capable of explaining user behaviour across a broad range of end user populations while at the same time being both parsimonious and theoretically justified (pg.985)’’.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">TAM compares <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Behavioural Intentions</i> and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Usage</i> and states that behavioural intention is an indicator of computer usage. Additionally TAM states that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Attitude</i> directly influences <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Behavioural Intentions</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Attitude</i> is defined as the individual’s attitude toward using the system. According to Davis et al (1989), several studies have found a relationship between <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Attitude </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Usage.</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">TAM considers the impact of external factors on<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Attitude</i>, and thus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Behavioural Intentions</i>, by adding two additional constructs that influence the technology adoption process. The two main constructs of TAM are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perceived Usefulness</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perceived Ease of Use</i>. The first construct, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perceived Usefulness</i> is defined by Davis (1989) as the `` the prospective user’s subjective probability that using a specific application system will increase his or her job performance within an organizational context (pg. 985)’’. The second construct, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perceived Ease of Use, </i>was conceptually defined by Davis (1989) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>as the `` degree to which prospective user expects the target system to be free of effort (pg. 985). Davis excludes TRA’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Subjective Norm</i> as a determinant of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Behavioral Intention</i>. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Both <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perceived Ease of Use </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perceived Usefulness</i> directly influence <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Attitude </i>in the TAM, and thus influence <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Behavioral Intention</i> through its direct relationship with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Attitude.</i> In addition to its influence on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Behavioural Intention</i> through <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Attitude,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perceived Usefulness </i>has a direct relationship with B<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ehavioral Intention</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perceived Ease of Use</i> also affects <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perceived Usefulness</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">TAM has satisfactorily predicted intentions and usage for individuals. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">Fig 2.1 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) -Based on Davis 1989</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 61;"><span style="height: 286px; left: -2px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 627px;"><img height="286" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="627" /></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"><img border="0" height="283" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="664" /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Thus, an attempt will be made to apply insights from a growing body of research literature associated with innovation adoption and information technology acceptance to the research problem where owners of tours and travel firms are called upon to use ICTs as part of E-business. Hence, an adaptation of the Technology Acceptance Model that accounts for organizationally mandated adoption decisions can serve as a valuable tool for exploring these factors that affect firms adoption of ICTs. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873522"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3 Review of Related Literature</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873523"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3.1 Small Tourism Enterprises and E-business</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">The challenges and limitations to technological innovation in small enterprises have been well visited. Concerning Internet adoption, three of the most commonly cited obstacles are the inadequate and unreliable telecommunications infrastructure, the cost involved with adopting and using the technology, and the lack of the relevant knowledge and skills</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">(Law and Wei, 2001; Branden <i>et al.</i>, 2004; Bedard, 2005). Faced with these challenges, and often-turbulent political and macroeconomic circumstances, how are entrepreneurs in developing countries exploiting the Internet?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">Overall, the literature suggests that little Internet adoption is taking place (Wan, 2002; Drew, 2003). For instance, evidence from an investigation by Cai, Card and Cole (2004) in Nicaragua and Costa Rica showed that less than 13% of Costa Rican and less than two percent of Nicaraguan SMTEs advertised on the Internet. Email was the most widely used online activity, although SMTEs indicated a preference for interaction through low-tech means such as cellular phones, whereas the least common uses were advertising and selling or buying goods on the Internet.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">This suggests that identifying strategies that can enable small tourism enterprises to overcome Internet adoption barriers is imperative to its widespread diffusion. This is especially important because a number of benefits have been linked with small tourism enterprise. Some of these are (Branden <i>et al.</i>, 2003): reduced cost of advertising; more effective and cheaper communication; exposure to a global market; more efficient access to information; and possibility of attracting multinational organizations.</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873524"></a><a href="" name="_Toc231390327"></a><a href="" name="_Toc212447250"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc231390327;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873524;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3.2 Government and ICT Institutional Policies in </span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873524;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc231390327;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc212447250;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kenya</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">The Government of Kenya recognizing the global growth in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) decided to make Kenya an active Participant in the age of information technology. This is in recognition of the fact that ICTs are important agents for transformation of every facet of human life with a huge potential of bringing about a knowledge-based society in the Twenty-first century (Kenya, Ministry of State for Planning, National Development and Vision 2030, 2008). The economic recovery strategy for wealth and employment creation, 2003 – 2007 identified the following goals in its policy document. They included: establishing an inter-ministerial committee to incorporate ICT into government operations; investing in adequate ICT education and training; implementing tax reduction and tax incentives on both computer software and hardware so as to make them affordable to travel agencies and low income earners; and reviewing the legal framework to remove impediments that have discouraged the adoption and use of e-commerce. The E-government strategy was developed with the aim of using information technologies to improve service delivery, transform government operations and promote democracy. This was going to be achieved through the development of websites, networking all ministries, developing computer literacy among government staff and computerizing office operations. The development and implementation of a national ICT policy will see Kenya attain a strategic framework for approaching ICT as a development tool in government, in private sector and in underserved rural areas at all levels (Sigala, 2003).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">One of the major initiatives that the Government is pursuing is to improve ICT infrastructure in order to bridge the digital divide and lower the cost of communications. The Government is also leveling the ground through development and implementation of policy and regulations aimed at attracting investment within the sector. It must be emphasized that the Government recognizes information to be a resource which must be generated, collected, organized, leveraged, secured and preserved to enhance national prosperity. With this in mind, in 2007, the Government launched the ICT Board to oversee the development of ICT in Kenya. There are several institutions with responsibility for ICT in Kenya. In addition to the Ministry of Information and Communication, there are four other institutions, the Communication Commission of Kenya which acts as the regulator, the Government information Technology Service (GITS) which provides ICTs support for ministries, the National Communications Secretariat (NCS) which advices the government on telecommunications policy, and the Directorate of E-government which oversees the implementation of e-government strategy and assist the government to deliver more effectively services to Kenya’s population (Sigala, 2003). The private sector and the civil society have also played a significant role in the ICT arena, in particular the ICT policy process. The notable ones include the Telecommunications Services Provider Organization of Kenya (TESPOK), Kenya ICT Federation (KIF) and the Kenya ICT Policy Action Network (KICTANET). All these entities are working more closely under the coordination of the ICT board to ensure mainstreaming of ICT in Kenya. On the other hand the civil society and the private sector are involved in building government capacity in this sector. A few of government services can be accessed online, digital villages are to be set up in every constituent, telecommunication services now cover more than 80% of the Kenyan population and internet services are now available in most rural centres in the country. This notwithstanding, the government operations remain entirely manual particularly at provincial and district level(Sigala, 2003).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A study by on the institutional structures and models for implementing the Kenya National ICT plan observed that the current functioning of the institutional structures for ICT in Kenya has a number of adverse consequences that include: uneven computerization of ministries, lack of trained ICT personnel, poor distribution of resources, duplication of ICT resources across ministries, lack of publicly available information on what is happening regarding ICT in government, uncoordinated donor initiatives in various ministries and lack of integrated ICT strategy (Outa, et al., 2006). The Kenya vision 2030 medium term plan has identified the following challenges being experienced within the communications sector: Lack of an institutional and legal frame work to implement automated services including electronic transactions; lack of standardization of components and systems being procured and applied across the government; limited country-wide ICT awareness that hinders cultural and attitudinal change; a wide internal digital divide between rural and urban areas as well as low bandwidth; financial and human resource constraints; bridging the “islands of automation” by allowing sharing of information among agencies; high costs of ICT utilization and maintenance; high costs of migrating from analogue to digital broadcasting; challenge of obtaining a better integration of ICT solutions into company and public policies.</div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">This study aims at establishing the relationship between government ICT policies and survival of travel agencies. This section is linked to the conceptual framework as part of the input in form of government support. The study will strive to find out the role of the stated government ICT policies above on survival of travel agency companies. As such, this part of policy forms a core par of the conceptual framework which is the input.</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873525"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4 Empirical Review</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="Normal1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.4.1 Poor Infrastructure: </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="Normal1"><span style="color: windowtext;">A study carried out by Duffy (2010) on factors influencing technology adoption </span>amongst tourism</span><span class="Normal1"><span style="color: windowtext;"> SMEs found out that </span>there was a low level of ICT usage amongst those tourism firms. One of the major factors identified was the location of those institutions. The researcher observed that other researchers had identified that businesses operating in a peripheral location can be a barrier to ICT adoption for small tourism industries (Anckar and Walden, 2001; Braun, 2004). The respondent interviewed, especially drawn from the rural areas revealed that they had lower levels of connection to the internet and were less likely to have a computer for business. </span><span style="color: black;">The majority of respondents never used applicable ICT applications, for example, database management was not used by 63% of industries, document management (60%), statistical analysis (71%) and accounting software (62%). Only 43% of hotels surveyed updated their websites on a daily or weekly basis, indicating that the majority of the hotels were not using ICT to respond to market changes. They were not exploiting the potential of the Internet in relation to on-line promotion of special offer room rates/availability. </span></div><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Babnjevic & Padukova (2006), in their study on ICT awareness in small enterprises in the Indian tourism branch found that although the diffusion of ICT in India has been amazing in the past decade, it was revealed that the ICT penetration in India was still slow. There were only 0.40 connections per 100 people in 2004, compared to 2 connections per 100 people in China, 11 in Malaysia and 58 in Korea. On of the major reasons identified by the study was poor infrastructure and they recommended that there is a crucial need of not only developing and investing in infrastructure<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and providing lower costs of promotion of ICT. They</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> showed that the domestic demand of IT services accounts for less that one-fifth of total IT turnover and therefore, developing IT applications for domestic market is needed.</span></div><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">2.4.2 ICT Knowledge and Experience</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">In a study carried out by Al-allak (2010) on evaluating the adoption and use of internet-based marketing information systems to improve marketing intelligence of tourism SMEs in Jordan found that the current form of marketing information systems used within tourism SMEs is based largely on internal data supplemented by customer survey and informal investigations and local and national competitors. No evidence of the existence of marketing orientated information systems is found. Indeed, the sector was more operationally focused than marketing orientated as manifested by the sector's reliance on personal contacts and personal experience and knowledge rather than hard facts and quantitative data.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">Marketing research was hardly conducted and subjective and qualitative judgments prevail. The majority of research revealed that the systems were poorly designed, lacked flexibility, comprehensiveness and the ability to create an organized and timely flow of information required by marketing decision makers. The gathering of information from wider external sources was limited. There was a state of 'in-balance' between external data to internal data gathering activity. The majority of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tourism SMEs surveyed approach marketing intelligence gathering in a less deliberate fashion, not training their sales force, after-sales personnel and district/area managers to take cognizance of competitors' actions, customer complaints and requests and distributor problems. Information technology was not greatly utilized to aid information gathering, analysis and management (Al-allak,2010).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">Although 51% of tourism SMEs were online, their use of the Internet for marketing intelligence is limited. The Internet was only regarded as a supplementary tool alongside other sources, which seemed to carry more importance than the Internet as a source of external information. This suggested that the existence of a number of obstacles that make tourism SMEs less inclined to integrate or utilize this technology in their businesses, including: limited understanding or appreciation of the potential of technology, 'hidden costs' of technology adoption, such as training, external expertise and upgrading software, or a lack of clear business strategies(Al-allak,2010). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">ECA (2000) ECA (2000) in their study on pan African imitative on e-commerce found out another challenge facing the African countries in adoption of ICT was challenges related to creation of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a skilled labour pool for e-commerce. This challenges included:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Filling the gaps in the education and training systems where the</span> arrival of e-Commerce and the new knowledge based economy in Africa confronted the economies of the continent with the need to both improve the teaching of IT related matters throughout the existing formal education system <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and </span>to put in place new learning opportunities for people already in the work-force ; inadequate IT knowledge among many workers, including many of those at senior level; inadequate entrepreneurial skills among the technically trained, which inhibits the emergence of new start-ups in the new economy; and inadequate numbers of adequately skilled trainers in IT fields</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.4.3 Costs of adoption of ICT</b></div><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Babnjevic & Padukova (2006), in their study on ICT awareness in small enterprises in the Indian tourism branch observed that according to</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Currie’s model (Currie, 2000), which measures the development in four stages (the publishing, the interacting, the transacting and the integrating), the interviewed companies did not reach the later phases or the high levels of such development. Most of them were still in the Publish stage, as the e-commerce level still was as low as setting up an occasional homepage. Most of the homepages contained only the information about the companies and there were no possibilities of purchasing the services online. Very few companies were moving on to the Interact stage by sending documents electronically and similar, even if these companies considered it to be very flexible. Others preferred personal touch for information exchange. The next stage, Transact, was hard to reach in these companies due to the fact that, for example, customers were not willing to make credit card transactions. Since the companies were small, they perceived the setting-up and maintaining costs of a transaction or online order system as unnecessarily high. There was still a long way to full supply chain integration as the tools for integrating business processes were still mostly unknown for the companies’ management. </span></div><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buhalis (2003)(qt) argues that in some cases, the customers might not use Internet services due to the high internet cost (Buhalis, 2003)(qt). In India, there was a huge gap between the middle class, that sees ICT as a necessity, and those that consider even a local telephone call a luxury. The author established that there was appositive outcome of lowered prices of internet connection and a more competitive market in the tourism sector who had adopted ICT usage. Though the interviewed companies did not at the present consider the cost of Internet as high or an obstacle but the fact that <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">none<i> </i></span>of the companies adopted Internet before 1998, demonstrates clearly that the growing number of Internet service providers has, to some extent, had an effect on the companies’ use of Internet, since the highest growth rate of Internet subscribers in India has been between 1999 and 2001(<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Babnjevic & Padukova, 2006).</span></span></div><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Many travel agents try to adopt ICT to support their business but due to their limited resources, travel agents ICT adoption is different from larger business<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (Sagala, 2003). </span></span>The literature shows that despite all the benefits that can be achieved by using ICTs, many micro and small tourism enterprises have failed to embrace ICT and internet (Outa, 2006). They do not engage in formal skills and information gathering and they rarely use external consultants due to resource constraints, lack of specialist expertise and size versus their perceived impact in the market place (cited by Sohn, 2005). In most travel agencies particularly the micro enterprises, training is considered as a cost value than an investment. Despite the fact that travel agencies fall short in ICT skills and have remained reluctant to move away from informal information systems that rely on manual processes, ownership of technology and internet access is on the rise and when introduced at the right time and in the right way, may encourage travel agencies owner/manager to embracing ICT for innovative uses such as access to information.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are proving to be an effective mechanism to transmit information on the intangible tourism product as the functionality of this industry depends upon the transmission of accurate and reliable information. They have taken over from published materials such as brochures to convey information on price, quantity, transport, quality, supplements and conditions of purchase due to the dynamic and perishable nature of the tourism product (Kiplangat et al, 2005).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Until the advert of ICTs, the methods used to seek, store and transmit information were both cumbersome and inefficient. The methods included the telephone, snail mail, brochures, leaflets, directories and face to face meetings. However the internet and mobile telephony have become major business instruments for travel agencies. But research findings shows that travel agencies first consulted other sources of information such as a colleague and printed media before consulting the internet (Kiplangat, 2005).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It shows that internet usage is not a major source of information to them and is used as a last resort. Most travel agencies rely on telephone and fax services to communicate and disseminate information because they are the most accessible unlike the internet.</div><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.4.4 Government Policies:</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Babnjevic & Padukova (2006), in their study on ICT awareness in small enterprises in the Indian tourism branch found that the government of India would have to be involved in liberalization reform program if the adoption of ICT in this country has to become easier. Though it is actively involved in e-governance and it contributes to the awareness of ICT in the country, it still had to go along way in creating appropriate local ICT applications or lowering tariffs. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman";">The respondents in the study saw the government as something that stands in their way because of the bureaucratic procedures. They though that the government and businesses would benefit by a smoother use of governmental services and by a better corporation between these tow actors. Considering that the tourism is essential for the development of India as much as the small companies are, both tourism and small travel agencies and tour operators would profit if a closer interaction with the government was established.</span></div><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">ECA (2000) in their study on pan African imitative on e-commerce found out that the barrier to adoption of e-commerce by small tourism firms like all the other SMEs was challenges of regulatory framework. There was problems in establishment of financial services for e-commerce because the banking and financial sectors did not encourage the implementation of changes in their policies, practices and services to accommodate growth of e-commerce.in their national economy; in regard to online payments, there were still steps which needed to be taken to provide the legally accepted means of on-line payment and financial transfers; the governments were not willing to conduct reviews of foreign exchange control rules and procedures in the light of the introduction of e-commerce; and there was no security and trustworthiness of on-line transactions because the governments were not willing to accredit agencies which would in turn have a reliable capacity to certify the validity of electronic signatures and electronic contracts and the governments in many countries in Africa were not willing to put in place legal commissions to propose amendments necessary to all businesses and corporate laws which would be affected by the introduction of e-commerce. Such laws in need of revision would include, but not be limited to: Copyright Laws; laws on intellectual property which should be brought into line with the WIPO Copyright Treaties; laws regarding protection of databases, privacy protection, trademarks and domain names; laws on competition; laws regarding the use of cryptography; and laws relating to new forms of ‘cyber-crime’.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">Kenya’s socio economic challenges include poverty, ignorance, disease, hunger, and gender inequality. These challenges are well covered in the national<span lang="SW" style="mso-ansi-language: SW; mso-fareast-language: SW;"> development objectives including the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The Economic Recovery Strategy for Employment and Wealth Creation, 2003 – 2007 has recognized that ICTs have a role to play in addressing these cahllenges.</span> ICT promotes economic growth and social opportunity at the same time that it renders many traditional economic approaches less viable. ICT can serve as a critical enabler to achieve many of the development goals agreed to by world leaders at the UN Millennium Summit. ICT has the potential to create earnings opportunities and jobs, improve delivery and access to health and education, facilitate information sharing and knowledge creation, and increase the transparency, accountability and effectiveness of government, business and non-profit organizations (UNDP, 2003). All these contribute to an enabling environment for development. The service industry in which tourism industry falls is one of the fastest growing sectors in the global economy. This growth is more pronounced and driven by information and communication technologies (ICTs). Governments all over the world have now realized the crucial role of information and knowledge in national competitiveness among nations and also as a major economic sector in its own right.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Governments are therefore putting in place measures to harness national resources to build information infrastructure to exploit information and knowledge for development.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Kenya the potential of ICTs even within the service industry remains largely untapped and as already observed, the country lacks an integrated policy and a comprehensive legal regime to address the institutional framework, issues and challenges facing the sector (Outa, et al., 2006). ICT policies are important in the transformation from industrial societies to information societies. C<span lang="SW" style="mso-ansi-language: SW; mso-fareast-language: SW;">ountries that are slow to act, or are not in a position to respond, are likely to find their ability to participate in the global economy and society diminished, thus exacerbating existing inequalities. The risks are great, but so are the rewards. <span style="color: black;">To be successful, countries need to develop comprehensive ICT and e-Development strategies, put in place and support the necessary policy, human and physical infrastructure. They also need to adopt measures to ensure equitable access and widespread capacity to make use of ICT. </span>The challenge for Kenya is therefore to put in place policy frameworks that foster the growth of ICTs so as to ensure that the country transforms itself to an infrmation-based economy ready to reap the benefits of ICTs.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">The ICT policy process has for a long time lacked political leadership, which has been reflected in the absence of a national ICT strategy and ineffective coordination between different government departments and agencies with ICT responsibilities (Outa, et al., 2006). The absence of ICT policy process open to participation by all stakeholders and based on public discussion and debate remained so until recently. A number of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and private sector and media groups, in Kenya, had been actively contributing to the development of an ICT regulatory framework, even prior to the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) global process. Initial key concerns were fundamental issues of access and removal of monopoly in telecommunications service provision as well as integration of telecommunications into national economic development programming. Due to lack of ICT policy in Kenya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a number of groups came in to fill the gap: CSK, TESPOK, ITSA, ISACA, CCOAK, E-Commerce Association, NSE, KEPSA, ICT Board/KIF, Civil Society, Research and academic institutions, and Development partners (Eldon, 2004). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">The first national ICT policy was released in late 2003, just prior to World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in Geneva. The copy was however not officially available and was more of a document just to give Kenya a face during the world summit. In November 2004, Kenya ICT Policy project (KIP) and the International Development and Research Centre (IDRC) organized a visioning in collaboration with Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTANet) members and the government. The workshop aimed at visioning the kind of ICT enabled country Kenyans desire as a backdrop for preparing sectoral roadmaps, which would serve as the entry point for implementation planning, considered the next logical step after a policy is drawn up.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">During the visioning exercise participants from civil society, private, media and government attempted to approach some consensus on the country they envision, enabled by ICTs. The timing of this exercise was particularly significant because national plans and planning for the sector were weak, unclear and broadly un-negotiated. The Minister of Information and Communications had observed that the draft policy document which has been circulating in government did not have a strong vision and promised “the government would fast track the development of an enabling National ICT Policy through a multi-stakeholder consultative process” during this workshop. The outcomes of the workshop were a National vision document.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">On March 8th and 9th, 2005 the Kenya ICT Action multi-stakeholder network organized a national ICT convention, which focused on evaluating progress of Kenya’s national ICT policy process. Participants included representatives from civil society, the media, academia, and the private sector as well as development partners. The heavy presence of diverse interest groups underscored the participatory multi stakeholder nature of the national ICT policy process. This was the Second National ICT Convention. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">The 2005 convention emphasized a consensus building approach that values all sectors’ contribution by bringing together a multiplicity of stakeholders from civil society, the private sector, the media and government who had been working closely for a number of years to support the government’s efforts in developing and finalizing Kenya’s ICT policy. The aim of the convention was the beginning of a detailed process of analysis, critique and public input into Kenya’s ICT Draft Policy (<span style="color: black;">Republic of Kenya, 2004) </span>with an eye to finalizing the policy and pursuing future legislative action for implementation. Further, the Convention launched sector specific working groups, which commented on specific segments of the Draft ICT Policy through the online mailing list discussion forums launched after the convention.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">Other Highlights of the convention were: the official launch of Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTANet) and the pledge by many organizations to join this network to make real impact; and the real and collective beginnings of the process of gathering comments for the ICT Policy improvement, which included a gender analysis of the ICT Policy, and a media and ICT policy Workshop, held on the second day of the convention.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">The Kenya National ICT Convention gave an opportunity to move an ICT agenda. Here, there was the coming together of the private sector representatives, civil society, and academia, and development partners. The sessions addressed: i) Sector polices and ICT; ii) National ICT policy that covered the strategy and e-commerce, and the strategy and human resource; iii) National ICT infrastructure; iv) ICT projects- Investment opportunities; and v) ICT professional bodies. Many other sessions were held which culminated in coming up with a national ICT policy.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">The National ICT policy noted the stakeholders’ to include: <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a) Government -<b> </b></span>enabling policies, conducive to private sector investment; <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">b) Development partners -<b> </b></span>build capacity, in collaboration with Government of Kenya; c<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">) Civil society -<b> </b></span>inform policy making (access, learning, poverty, governance); d) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Consumers -<b> </b></span>participate in development, application, setting standards and ensuring consumer protection; <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">e) Regulator -<b> </b></span>Issue licenses, tariffs, interconnections, standards, Frequency management and domain management; f) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Investors, Operators, Service providers these are to d</span>evelop an efficient ICT sector, ensure commercial integrity, strong corporate governance, high quality standards, and participate in provision of universal access</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SW;">The ICT Policymaking process was seen as an elite driven process. The main drivers have been the private sector, through a trade association called the Kenya ICT Federation (KIF), as well as civil society, through an organization called the Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTANET). To some extent, KICTANET represents social justice interests, by including representatives of open source organizations, gender activists and the youth. However, there is also a high level of private sector participation in KICTANET. Finally, the government is under no legal or regulatory obligation to consider the public's comments on the ICT policy in Kenya, which weakens the democratic implications of the policy.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SW;">The Kenyan ICT policy process has been incremental yet "authentic." That is, the policy process has been slow, and has proceeded in fits and starts. However, the policy process has been driven by Kenyan citizens, not donors, for the most part. By contrast, the ICT policy process in Rwanda has been largely donor directed. It has been an extremely positive development that the Kenyan government has considered public comments with regard to the policymaking process. Thus it has benefited enormously from public comment. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">Through the policy, the government seeks to promote the development of ICT infrastructure and services. Outa, et al. (2006) has pointed that, the policy is founded on four principles, namely, infrastructure development, human resource development, stakeholder cooperation, policy and regulatory frame work. The policy objectives include: Facilitate sustainable economic growth and development, wealth creation and poverty eradication; address development gaps as they relate to women, youth, rural and other disadvantaged groups; address progress towards socio-economic inclusion of all citizens through provision of universal access; stimulate investment in the ICT sector; stimulate innovation in the ICT sector through research and development and;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>provide for increased access to ICT services.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873526"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4.5 Critical Review of major issues</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">During the past decade there has been rampant change in the travel industry. Travel agencies in particular have long resisted change. The great majority have become entrenched in their methods, their systems and their way of thinking. They have reacted, complained and resisted the changes and have been slow to adapt and change their way of doing business. I call this “status quo retention”. Not only have many agencies retained the status quo, but customers, who themselves operate in a changing environment and adapt to their changes, have resisted changes in the way agencies do business and have reacted negatively or slowly to changes introduced by agencies as they attempt to adapt to their changing environment.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">As far as the spread of internet among travel agencies is concerned, the results of previous studies have shown that travels agencies do not exploit all of its potential and many benefits of electronic commerce via the www are not being realized. An interesting example is provided by the answers of 200 Singaporean travel agencies, which reflect poor e-mail customer service but companies with established web sites are in a position to undertake productive marketing activities (Murphy and Tan, 2003). Regarding Kenyan travel agencies, there is an increased use of the internet, but its use is simply an additional mode of communication; and their web sites do not possess the interactive features required for internet marketing.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Content of web sites:</i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>The main reason customers will visit an agency’s site is for information or content. The term “content” refers to the information features or services that are offered in the web site (Wan, 2002). For effective on-line selling, a travel agency should offer on-line catalogue and product search engine, tourism information, interactive communication, company information, electronic board, site link and membership registration (Beirne and Curry, 1999; Liu and Arnett, 2000). In addition to these, a brief introduction to the agency itself, marketing activities, safety protection in transaction, what is new, electronic media functions, on line products purchasing, questions and answers services, and frequent visitor programs tend to be preferable items for consumers according to Lu (1997, in Yung (1998)). Opportunities for differentiation appear to rest with developments in electronic transactions, providing interactivity and rich data, and taking online reservation and itinerary planning to new heights of sophistication (Rayman-Bacchus and Molina, 2001).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Marketing on the internet:</i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Another serious point that deserves attention is marketing on the internet. For travel agencies, the emphasis is still on traditional marketing communication channels such as printed media and telephone (Cai, Card and Cole, 2004) even though that the validity of the internet as an advertising and marketing tool has been proven. As marketing on the internet is a very different process from traditional marketing, how to construct and utilize the internet as a marketing tool is becoming a crucial issue.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">Building a site and advertising it does not guarantee an audience, neither an effective revenue stream, nor a competitive advantage. Many web sites do not incorporate features that exploit promotional media and are rarely integrated with online marketing strategies. The major factors to be worked out in order to build the confidence of travel agencies in using the internet as an effective marketing tool are: security developed, technology needed and cost effective concerns (Cai et al., 2004; Chen and Yen, 2004; Wan, 2002, Yung, 1998).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873527"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.5 Conceptualization</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="color: red;"></span></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The conceptual framework below shows the dependent as well as the independent variables as shown in figure 2.1 below</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The framework above shows that adoption of ICTs of tours and travel firms in the tourism industry is affected by four variables as the independent variables. These variables are: cost, infrastructure, ICT knowledge and experience as well as the government and institutional ICT policies in place which enhance or inhibit diffusion of ICTs by the tours and travel firms. </span></div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873528"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.6 Operationalization</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="color: red;"></span></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The operational framework below shows the dependent, independent and intervening variables as shown in figure 2.2.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The operational framework above shows that adoption of the tours and travel firms will be measured by the performance of the industry. This will form the dependent variable. On the other hand the independent variables will be cost(affordability of installing ICT programs and hiring competent staff), infrastructure (area within reach of ICT) ,ICT knowledge and experience (availability of experienced staff and market information) as well as government and institutional ICT policies in place.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The independent variables will affect the dependent variable either positively or negatively. For example, a firm that has diversified into many areas might record better performance than a firm which has not diversified in many areas. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The parameters for measuring adoption will be the factors; items will be developed that will what factors affect the adoption of e-business by the tours and travel firms. This will include finding out how frequently used the ICT tools are used. In terms of ICT, the study will use frequency and extent of use as parameters of measuring use of ICTs. In information systems, the study will use variety of use of information systems as the parameter. They will include: computers, internet and website. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></h1><h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873529"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">CHAPTER THREE</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873530"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873531"></a><a href="" name="_Toc205837914"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873531;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.1 Introduction</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The chapter outlines the methodology and procedures and modalities that will be used in data collection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It also covers research design, determination and identification of the population sample size, sampling design, sampling procedure, the instruments of data collection, validity and reliability of data collected, sources of data, methods of data collection and methods of analyzing the data.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873532"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2 Research Design</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">As stated by Bryman and Bell (2007), research design refers to the structure that guides the execution of a research method, and the subsequent analysis of acquired data. It provides a framework for the generation of evidence that is suited both to a certain set of criteria and to the research question in which the investigator is interested.<span style="color: black;"> The study will adapt the descriptive research design. Creswell (2002) observes that a descriptive research design is used when data are collected to describe persons, organizations, settings, or phenomena. The study aims at observing and describing the behaviour of the subjects under study without influencing it in any way and therefore considers the descriptive research design to be the most appropriate for this study</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">A definition devised by Morrison (1998) was adapted for the purpose of this study as follows: SME travel agents are those, which are independently owned, managed in a personalized manner by the owner-manager and not contracted out to an agent, represent the primary source of income for the owner-manager, and employ less than 50 employees. Applying this definition, qualitative research methodology will be applied in the form of exploratory in-depth interviews. The resultant data will be consolidated and the content analyzed. This will allow the researcher to identify emergent recurring themes, contributing to the evolution of a more comprehensive understanding of the important survival strategies adopted by travel agency companies in the advent of modern ICTs. </div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873533"></a><a href="" name="_Toc172017355"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167943045"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167863319"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167863222"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863319;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167943045;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc172017355;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873533;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.3 Target Population</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The target population will be owners, employees of the travel agency companies as well as government officials in the ministry of tourism, Kenya Tourism Board. The target population will be tourism industries within the MSEs sector in Kenya covering travel agencies. The sample population will be taken from Nairobi. The key considerations in the determination of the sample regions will be <span style="color: black;">their economic significance, </span>abundant tourism resources, a developed tourism sector<span style="color: black;"> and their ability to represent fairly the MSEs sector in the tourism industry.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Data from the ministry of tourism also indicates that Nairobi has a higher number of registered tour operators agencies (class A1 enterprises) than any other towns in Kenya (Kenya, Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife, 1968). The target population for this study will be 55 travel agency companies in Nairobi. This translates to 440 employee respondents comprising of top management staff and middle level management.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Table 3.1 Target Population</b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Category</b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Target Population</b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Less than 10 employees</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">310</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">11- 50 employees</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">120</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">51 – 99 employees</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">10</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Total</b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">440</b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873534"></a><a href="" name="_Toc172017356"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167943046"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167863320"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167863223"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863320;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167943046;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc172017356;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873534;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.4 Sampling Design</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Neuman (2000) argues that, the main factor considered in determining the sample size is the need to keep it manageable enough. This will enable the researcher to derive from it detailed data at an affordable costs in terms of time, finances and human resource (Mugenda and Mugenda (1999). The researcher will ensure a high degree of correspondence between a sampling frame and the sample population as the accuracy of the sample depends on the sampling frame. Further, Patton (2002) argues that the sample size depends on what one wants to know, the purpose of the inquiry, what is at stake, what will be useful, what will have credibility and what can be done with available time and resource.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">The study will use purposive and simple random sampling techniques. The study will randomly sample 30% of the target population; as such, the total sample size will be 132. The study will sample 30% because Patton (2002) recognizes 30% as an adequate sample size in a survey study. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Table 3.2 Sampling Frame and Size</b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; width: 556px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Category</b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Target Population</b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.25pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">%</b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sample size</b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Less than 10 employees</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">310</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.25pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">30</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">93</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">11- 50 employees</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">120</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.25pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">30</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">36</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">51 – 99 employees</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">10</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.25pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">30</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">3</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Total</b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">440</b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.25pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">132</b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873535"></a><a href="" name="_Toc172017357"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873535;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.5 Data Collection</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h1><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%;">This section presents the research instruments, the validation and reliability assurance of the research instruments and the data collection procedure that will be adopted in this study.</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873536"></a><a href="" name="_Toc172017358"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167943048"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167863322"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167863225"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863322;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167943048;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc172017358;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873536;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.5.1 Research Instruments</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The main research instrument that will be used in this study will be questionnaires. <span style="color: black;">In developing the questionnaire items, the fixed choice and open-ended formats of the item will be used. This format will be used in all categories of the questionnaires. However, in the fixed choice item, it involves ‘putting words’ in the respondents’ mouth, especially when providing acceptable answers, there is temptation to avoid serious thinking on the part of the respondent. The respondent ends up choosing the easiest alternative and provides fewer opportunities for self-expression. It is because of these reasons that it will be necessary to combine this format of items with a few open – ended response items. Most of the items will adopt a Lickert scale (e.g. 1-strongly disagree, 2-disagree, 3-undecided, 4-agree, 5-strongly agree). An interview schedule will be used to collect data from the management staff of travel agency companies as well as the relevant government officials in the ministry of tourism.</span></div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873537"></a><a href="" name="_Toc285175424"></a><a href="" name="_Toc283866036"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc285175424;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873537;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Interviews</span></i></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Field interviews will be selected as the primary data collection technique because they are valuable for developing an understanding of a phenomenon at the ‘grass roots’ level</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">(Neuman, 2000). Following the direction of Purcell <i>et al. </i>(2004), the underlying principle used to select participants will be to select enterprises that use the Internet or those that have developed a web site. Enterprises will have to fulfill two further conditions to be eligible for the study:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">(1) They should have less than 20 employees (the number of employees will be considered as the principal criterion because of the difficulty obtaining information such as sales turnover or capital).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">(2) They should be either an accommodation provider and/or a tour operator (these two categories of tourism enterprise will be selected as they operate by attracting customers based on information provided).</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873538"></a><a href="" name="_Toc172017359"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167943049"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167863323"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167863226"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863323;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167943049;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc172017359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873538;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.5.2 Validity of the Research Instrument</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><a href="" name="_Toc172017360"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167943050"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167863324"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167863227"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863324;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167943050;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc172017360;">Validity refers to the extent which a test measures what we actually wish to measure: it is based on the adequacy with which the items in an instrument measure the attributes of the study (Nunnally, 2000). Patton (2002)’s solution for assuring construct validity is:</span></span></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863227;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863324;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167943050;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc172017360;">i. Use multiple source of information</span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863227;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863324;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167943050;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc172017360;">ii. Establish chain of evidence</span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863227;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863324;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167943050;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc172017360;">iii. Have key informants review the report</span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863227;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863324;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167943050;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc172017360;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Multiple sources of information<i> </i>will be<b> </b></span>used in the form of three kinds of sources: (1) literature review on previous empirical research, (2) primary data in the form of interviews <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">owners of the travel agency companies</span>, (3) direct observation.</span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863227;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863324;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167943050;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc172017360;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Establish a chain of evidence<b><i> </i></b></span>will be performed in three steps: (1) Literature review, which provides an emerging framework. (2) Pilot study, which will fill the gap between emerging conceptual framework and later field study. (3) The questionnaire as an instrument of data collection. Also these findings will be validated in statistical studies.</span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863227;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863324;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167943050;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc172017360;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Have key informants review the report<i>.<b> </b></i></span>In order to perform this technique several respondents will be asked to comment on some of the conclusions.</span></span></span></span></div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863227;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863324;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167943050;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc172017360;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873539"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.5.3 Reliability of the Research Instrument</span></a></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">Reliability is the extent to which any measuring procedure yields the same results on repeated trials (Neuman, 2000). In many areas of research, the precise measurement of hypothesized processes or variables (theoretical constructs) poses a challenge by itself. In general, in all social sciences, an unreliable measurement of people’s beliefs or intentions obviously hampers efforts to predict their behaviour. Reliability and item analysis can be used to construct reliable measurement scales, to improve existing scales, and to evaluate the reliability of scales already in use. Specifically, Reliability and item analysis will aid in the design and evaluation of sum scales, that is, scales that are made up of multiple individual measurements (e.g., different items, repeated measurements, different measurement devices, etc.). The program will compute numerous statistics that will allow the user to build and evaluate scales following the so-called classical testing theory model.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">The assessment of scale reliability is based on the correlations between the individual items or measurements that make up the scale, relative to the variances of the items. In this context the definition of reliability is straightforward: a measurement is reliable if it reflects mostly true score, relative to the error. We can estimate the proportion of true score variance that is captured by the items by comparing the sum of item variances with the variance of the sum scale. Specifically, we can compute: a = (k/(k-1)) * [1- S(s2i)/s2sum].</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">This is the formula for the most common index of reliability, namely, Cronbach's coefficient Alpha (a). In this formula, the s2i's denote the variances for the k individual items; s2sum denotes the variance for the sum of all items (Patton, 2002). If there is no true score but only error in the items (which is esoteric and unique, and, therefore, uncorrelated across subjects), then the variance of the sum is the same as the sum of variances of the individual items. Therefore, coefficient Alpha equals to zero. If all items are perfectly reliable and measure the same thing (true score), then coefficient Alpha is equal to 1. Cronbach's alpha is the most common form of internal consistency reliability coefficient. By convention, a lenient cut-off of .60 is common in exploratory research; alpha should be at least .70 or higher to retain an item in an "adequate" scale; and many researchers require a cut-off of .80 for a "good scale." Regarding the above explanation, in this research, Cronbach’s alpha will be used in order to test the reliability of items at the pilot study, after calculating this; the researcher made some changes in order to make the questionnaire reliable and bring the Cronbach’s alpha to minimum .70.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873540"></a><a href="" name="_Toc172017361"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167943051"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167863325"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167863228"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580871"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580155"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607054"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580155;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580871;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863228;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863325;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167943051;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc172017361;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873540;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.5.4 Administration of Research Instruments</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Research assistants will be thoroughly trained both in interpretations of responses from respondents and also in the procedure of administration. They will then accompany the researcher in piloting and modifying the research instruments so that they can comprehend fully the purposes and methods of data collection. The research assistants will administer the questionnaires personally to the respondents and will be the ones entering responses from the respondents in the questionnaire. The researcher will however administer the interview schedule to government officials on his own. This will enable him gather additional information and interpret answers based on the research objectives.</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873541"></a><a href="" name="_Toc172017362"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167943052"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167863326"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167863229"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863326;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167943052;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc172017362;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873541;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.6 Data Analysis</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoHeader" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">The questionnaires will be checked for completeness and consistency of information at the end of every field data collection day and before storage. Data capturing will be done using Excel software. The data from the completed questionnaires will be cleaned, re-coded and entered into the computer using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) for Windows for analysis. Data analysis and the findings will be reported in chapter four. Descriptive statistics (i.e. frequency analysis) will be computed for presenting and analyzing the data.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Descriptive statistics enables the researcher to describe the aggregation of raw data in numerical terms (Neuman 2000 p. 317). The descriptive statistics used will involve the use of univariate. This method will incorporate the use of frequency distributions, percentage tables and measures of central tendency. It will also incorporate the use of measures of variation such as: ranges, percentiles and standard deviations for univariate analysis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.7 Ethical Issues</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The study will adhere to ethical issues that are the baseline of any research. The researcher will inform the respondents that they have a right not to participate in the study if they so wish. The study will also inform the respondents that they have a right to withdraw from the study at any time without giving a reason as to their withdrawal. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.8 Expected Outcome</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The study will provide empirical information on the utilization of ICTs to access and manage information by tours and travel firm entrepreneurs in the tourism industry. The study will also give some insight into the factors that have inhibited adoption of ICT by tours and travel firms in Kenya. It therefore will provide stakeholders in this sector with remedial measures that need to be undertaken in addressing the challenges facing tour and travel firms in this era of globalization and information society.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I</span>nstitute of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">P</span>olicy<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> A</span>nalysis & <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">R</span>esearch (2000). <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Redressing institutional impediments to micro and small scale enterprises access to credit in Kenya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">IPAR</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">P</span>olicy <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">B</span>rief. </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Real <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sector: No. 1 UR<span style="color: black;">L</span></span></span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">: </span><cite><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.eldis.org/static/DOC7949.htm"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.eldis.org/static/DOC7949.htm</span></a></span></cite></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Outa, P. O. Gerlad, Wele (2006). Policies regulating ICT industry in Developing Nations; A case of East Africa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Library Review, Vol. 13 No. 8.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;">UNDP (2003) United Nations Development Programme, <i>Human Development Report 2003</i>, URL <span style="color: lime;">(consulted 2005)</span>: http://www.undp.org/hdr2003/pdf/hdr03_complete.pdf</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">World Bank, (2009). Micro, Medium and Small Enterprise Competitiveness Project Business Week. Daily Nation June 14 2005 p. 8. URL: <span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.msmekenya.org/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.msmekenya.org</span></a>. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
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</div><h3 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873542"></a><a href="" name="_Toc277979233"></a><a href="" name="_Toc277814641"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277979233;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873542;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">APPENDICES</span></span></span></a><a href="" name="_Toc275942290"></a><a href="" name="_Toc195353101"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc195353101;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc275942290;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></span></h3><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h3 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc195353101;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc275942290;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873543"></a><a href="" name="_Toc277979234"></a><a href="" name="_Toc277814642"></a><a href="" name="_Toc277716325"></a><a href="" name="_Toc277604965"></a><a href="" name="_Toc277231643"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277604965;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277716325;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277814642;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277979234;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873543;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">APPENDIX I </span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span><a href="" name="_Toc195353096"></a><a href="" name="_Toc175207449"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc175207449;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc195353096;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873543;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277979234;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277814642;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277716325;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277604965;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277231643;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc275942290;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- TIME SCHEDULE</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">This is the approximate time that will be taken to finish the research.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 224;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 28.3pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ACTIVITY</b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">DURATION</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 31.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Collection of literature</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aug - Nov 2010</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 35.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 35.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Writing of proposal</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dec 2010 – Jan 2011</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Development of research instruments</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jan 2011</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Data collection and analysis</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Feb – March 2011</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 34.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 34.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Project write-up </div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>April 2011</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Presentation of 1<sup>st</sup> drafts and defense</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>May 2011</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 31.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.5pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Submission of final draft</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>June 2011</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc277814643"></a><a href="" name="_Toc277716326"></a><a href="" name="_Toc277604966"></a><a href="" name="_Toc277231644"></a><a href="" name="_Toc275942291"></a><a href="" name="_Toc195353097"></a><a href="" name="_Toc175207450"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc195353097;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc275942291;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277231644;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277604966;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277716326;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277814643;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><h3 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc175207450;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc195353097;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc275942291;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277231644;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277604966;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277716326;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277814643;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873544"></a><a href="" name="_Toc277979235"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873544;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">APPENDIX II - BUDGET SCHEDULE</span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">The following is the approximate amount of money that will be used during research. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Activity </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Money in Kshs</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Collecting literature</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">2000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Proposal writing</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">6000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Correcting of proposal</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">2000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Printing and defense of proposal </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">3000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Pilot study</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">2000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Printing research instruments </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">4000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Data collection </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">26,500</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Data analysis</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">17000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Submission of 1<sup>st</sup> draft</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">3000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Correction and defense of thesis</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">2500</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Final submission</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">8000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Total </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">74, 000</span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc277231642"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></a></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h3 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277231642;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277604967;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277716327;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277814644;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277979236;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873545"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">APPENDIX III- INTRODUCTORY LETTER</span></a></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>P.O BOX ….,</span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5in; text-align: right; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">NAIROBI</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Dear Respondent,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">I am a student from KEMU University pursuing an MBA. I am carrying out a research entitled:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873546"></a><a href="" name="_Toc285175433"></a><a href="" name="_Toc283866045"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc285175433;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873546;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“</span></i></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc283866045;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc285175433;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873546;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADOPTION OF E-BUSINESS AMONG TOURS AND TRAVEL FIRMS IN NAIROBI</span></i></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc283866045;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc285175433;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873546;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">”</span></i></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873546;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc285175433;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc283866045;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Please assist me by filling in the questionnaires provided. The questionnaires are meant to help in fulfilling the research objectives. The researcher assures you confidentiality in the information given.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Yours Faithfully,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">PETER MACHARIA.<a href="" name="_Toc277814645"></a><a href="" name="_Toc277716328"></a><a href="" name="_Toc115496626"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277716328;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277814645;"></span></span></a></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc115496626;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277716328;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277814645;"><a href="" name="_Toc277979237"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></a></span></span></span></h3><h3 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc115496626;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277716328;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277814645;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277979237;"><a href="" name="_Toc287873547"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A</span></a></span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc115496626;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277716328;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277814645;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277979237;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873547;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">PPENDIX </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277716328;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277814645;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277979237;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873547;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">IV </span></span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277979237;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277814645;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc277716328;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873547;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: MANAGER/OWNER QUESTIONNAIRE</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc287873547;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></h3><div style="border: solid navy 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid navy 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">This questionnaire is to collect data for purely academic purposes. The study seeks to what are the factors that affect <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the adoption of e-business among tours and travel firms in Nairobi. All information will be treated with strict confidence. Do not put any name or identification on this questionnaire.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid navy 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid navy 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Answer all questions as indicated by either filling in the blank or ticking the option that applies</span></i><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span></div></div><div class="H4" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="H4" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 275px; margin-top: 17px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 14;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 14;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 107px; margin-top: 17px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 13;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 13;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Gender</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Male<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Female </span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: right;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Age </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 347px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 18;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 18;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 167px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 16;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 16;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Below 30 years<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>30-35 years</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 347px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 17;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 17;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">36-40 years<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 167px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 15;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 15;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Over 40 years </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 131px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 21;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 21;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 311px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 19;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 19;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Marital Status</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Single<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Married</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 131px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 22;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 22;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 311px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 20;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 20;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Divorced<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Widowed </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Highest level of education</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 143px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 34;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 34;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="4" /></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 431px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 24;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 24;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Primary level<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Secondary level</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 431px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 35;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 35;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="4" /></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 143px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 23;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 23;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="4" /></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">College level<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>University level</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Position in the travel and tour firm…………………………….</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Number of years worked in the tours and travel firm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 383px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 25;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 25;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 131px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 26;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 26;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0-3 years<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>4-6 years</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 131px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 28;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 28;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="height: 18px; left: 0px; margin-left: 383px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 27;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 27;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">6-9 years<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Over 10 years </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Adoption</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Channels of communication often used in everyday business</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 81px; margin-top: 20px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 41;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 298px; margin-top: 37px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 40;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 411px; margin-top: 36px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 39;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 513px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 38;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 414px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 37;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 157px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 36;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Computers (email)<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Telephones<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Fax<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Electronic media – radio, TV<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Print media e.g. letters, posters, Handouts<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Face to face<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Channels of communication most effective in promoting enterprise services</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 230px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 46;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 226px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 45;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 133px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 44;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 575px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 43;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 42;"><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; left: 353px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 28px;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="28" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Computers (Internet-websites)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Telephone<span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>Electronic media (Radio, TV)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Print media e.g. Posters, brochures & Handouts<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Face to faces<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Mode of Storing Business Information</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 142px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 47;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Galileo system<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 188px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 48;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Office files (hardcopy)<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 339px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 49;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Softcopy (Removable and non-removable disks)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Type of ICTs in your Enterprise</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 336px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 51;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 118px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 50;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Computers<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Mobile phones<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 456px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 54;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 330px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 53;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 178px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 52;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Phones i.e. land lines<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Fax machines<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>VHF radio<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">No. of Computers in your enterprise</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 488px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 57;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 292px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 56;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 55;"><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; left: 118px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 28px;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="28" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Less than 5<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>5 – 10<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>11 – 20<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Are your computers networked?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="height: 16px; margin-left: 308px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 59;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 16px; margin-left: 79px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 58;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yes<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>No<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">How often do you use the following E-business tools in your workplace? Please tick where appropriate.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 100.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">STATEMENT</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Very often</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Often </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Not sure<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Rarely </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Never </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">A</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Computers</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">B</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Email</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">C </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Website</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">D</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Galileo system</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Internet</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">F</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Social networking sites such as facebook, twitter</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">SECTION B: ICT Knowledge and Experience as a factor affecting adoption of ICT</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Do you think ICT knowledge and experience is a major factor affecting adoption of ICT in your firm?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1. Yes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. No.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The following items related to why ICT knowledge and experience affect its adoption among tours and travels firms. Tick appropriately</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 100.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">STATEMENT</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Strongly </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">disagree</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Disagree </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Neutral<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Agree </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Strongly agree </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">A</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Lack of ICT knowledge and skills especially in e-business application and qualified personnel</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">B</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lack of managerial understanding and skills for e-business</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">C </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Lack of awareness of available and applicable technology</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">D</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lack of knowledge of existing ICT policies</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Lack of knowledge of the available rules and regulations applicable to e-business</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">F</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Lack of awareness about business opportunities/benefits that e-business can bring</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">SECTION C: Cost as a factor affecting the adoption of ICT</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Do you think cost is a major factor affecting adoption of ICT in your firm?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1. Yes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. No.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The following items related to why cost affect the ICT adoption among tours and travels firms. Tick appropriately</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 100.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">STATEMENT</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Strongly </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">disagree</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Disagree </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Neutral<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Agree </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Strongly agree </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">A</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">High cost of buying ICT applications/equipments</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">B</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Lack of finance for developing and maintaining e-business system</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">C </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Lack of capital to train staff on ICT and e-business</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">D</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lack of finance to employ qualified staff for technical advice</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">High cost of maintaining connectivity</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">F</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Low level of ICT knowledge among the customers</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">SECTION D: Infrastructure as a factor affecting the adoption of ICT in the Tour and Travel Firms</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">18.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Does infrastructure affect the adoption of ICT in your firm?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1. Yes 2.No</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">19.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The following table indicates items related to infrastructures that affect adoption of ICT. Tick where appropriate.</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 100.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.24%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.84%;" valign="top" width="40%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">STATEMENT</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.56%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Strongly </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">disagree</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.68%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Disagree </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.34%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Neutral<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.78%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Agree </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.56%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Strongly agree </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.24%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">A</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.84%;" valign="top" width="40%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Unreadiness for e-business in terms of infrastructure</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.56%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.68%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.34%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.78%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.56%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.24%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">B</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.84%;" valign="top" width="40%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Lack of compatibility between our current technical infrastructure and e-business technologies</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.56%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.68%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.34%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.78%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.56%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.24%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">C</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.84%;" valign="top" width="40%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Internet inaccessibility to most of the customers due to poor infrastructure</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.56%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.68%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.34%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.78%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.56%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.24%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">D</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.84%;" valign="top" width="40%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Lack of network coverage due to problems of infrastructure in some firms</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.56%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.68%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.34%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.78%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 11.56%;" valign="top" width="11%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">SECTION E: Government and Institutional ICT Policies on Performance </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">20.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">The following items relate to the effects of government on ICT policies on performance. Please tick where appropriate.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 100.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">STATEMENT</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Strongly </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">disagree</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Disagree </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Neutral<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Agree </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Strongly agree </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">A</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Establish an interministerial committee to incorporate ICT into government operations</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">B</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Investing in adequate ICT education and training</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">C</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Implementing tax reduction and tax incentives on both computer software and hardware so as to make them affordable to travel agencies and low income earners</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">D</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Reviewing of legal framework to remove impediments</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">E</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Help in improving service delivery</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">F</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Transform government operations</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">G</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Promote democracy</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">21.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">How much influence does the government have on ICT institutional policies on performance in the tours and travel firms</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 31;"><span style="height: 18px; left: 347px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 30px;"> </span></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">None <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Very Little<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span> Unsure<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="height: 18px; margin-left: 227px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 33;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table><span style="height: 18px; margin-left: 47px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 32;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="18" style="background: white; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="30"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 32;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Some <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>A lot</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">22.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In your opinion, what are the ways to improve constraints in the adoption of e-business among tours and travel firms in Nairobi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</td> <td bgcolor="silver" height="78" style="background: silver; border: .75pt solid black; vertical-align: top;" width="558"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 60;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 4.35pt 7.95pt 4.35pt 7.95pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">If you would like to receive a copy of the research findings, please put your email here:………………………………………………………….</i></b></div></div></td> </tr>
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</tbody></table><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></b><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">END OF QUESTIONNAIRE</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Thank you for taking your time to fill it.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h3><h3 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h3><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">APPENDIX V: INTERVIEW SCHEDULE</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Questions to guide the researcher during the interviewing sessions:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>What is the relationship between cost and adoption ICT and performance of the firm?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">How do infrastructures affect performance by tours and travel firms. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">What is role of ICT experience and knowledge and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>performance in tours and travel firms?</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">What is the effect of government and institutional ICT policies on performance?</span></div><br />
<br />
<br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">A THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF _______________________________________</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">__________________________________________________________________________</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">BY</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">____________________</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">__________________________</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">SUPERVISORS</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">____________________________________</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">and</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">_______________________________________________</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">MAY 2011</span></div></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="Section2"> <h1><a href="" name="_Toc293525525"></a><a href="" name="_Toc293319113"></a><a href="" name="_Toc242622774"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319113;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525525;">DECLARATION</span></span></a></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">I hereby declare that the work contained in this proposal is my own original work and has not previously in its entirety on in partial been submitted or planned to be submitted at any other university other than the ______________________. However, all references cited in the text have been duly acknowledged. <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">…………………………………………….<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Date…………………………………..</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">_______________________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Reg. No. _______________)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">This proposal has been submitted with our approvals as the appointed supervisors</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">……………………………………………<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Date…………………………………..</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">_____________________________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Department of _____________________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">____________________________________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kenya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><h1 style="line-height: 200%;"><a href="" name="_Toc293525526"></a><a href="" name="_Toc293319114"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525526;">ACKNOWLEDGEMENT</span></a></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc270303431"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This proposal would not have been complete without the critical guidance and insight of my supervisor. I also thank Jenny for typesetting the work for me even with strict deadlines.</span></a><span style="color: magenta; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><h1><a href="" name="_Toc293525527"></a><a href="" name="_Toc293319115"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525527;">ABSTRACT</span></a></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Student participation in school administration if properly organized and supervised, offers the best of the opportunities for developing students’ morale, cooperation, prudent leadership and intelligent followership and also increases in discipline, self direction and dependence. Student participation in secondary schools refers to participation of pupils in matters concerning organization, administration, functions and control of discipline through delegation of powers and responsibility to the student body.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In Kenya, the prefect system and the student’s council are the main structures used in students’ participation in maintenance of discipline and decision-making, the degree of participation is mainly consultative; the teacher includes the students in decision making mainly to encourage compliance.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Having realized the importance of student administration and specifically the need for improvement of secondary school students participation in school administration in Kenya, this study seeks to find out the level of student involvement in school administration in Kenya, and specifically Kitui County.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The study will employ a descriptive survey study.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The population of the study will consist of the 102 Secondary schools in Kitui County. The study will target 8000 secondary school students. The study will also target the head teachers and heads of discipline in the schools.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A total of 24 students, one head teacher and one dean of discipline will be selected randomly from each of the 30 schools that make up the sample size.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The main research instrument that will be used in this study will be questionnaires and interview schedules.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Validity of the instrument which is the accuracy and meaningfulness of inferences will be measured using content validity test</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> as well as piloting</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To test for reliability, the study will use the internal consistency technique by employing Cronbach Coefficient Alpha test for testing the research tools.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data will be subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS computer software. Tables, graphs and pie charts will be used to present the research findings.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><h1><a href="" name="_Toc293525528"></a><a href="" name="_Toc293319116"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525528;">TABLE OF CONTENTS</span></a></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><a href="" name="_Toc293319117"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525525"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">DECLARATION</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">ii</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525526"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">ACKNOWLEDGEMENT</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">iii</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525527"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">ABSTRACT</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">iv</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525528"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">TABLE OF CONTENTS</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">v</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525529"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">vi</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525530"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">1</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525531"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.1 Background of the Study</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">1</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525532"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.2 Statement of the Problem</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">3</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525533"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.3 Purpose of the Study:</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">4</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525534"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.4 Research Objectives</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">4</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc3" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525535"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.4.1 Overall Objective</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">4</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc3" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525536"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.4.2 Specific Objectives</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">4</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525537"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.5 Research Questions</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">5</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525538"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.6 Significance of the Study</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">5</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525539"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.7 Scope of the Study:</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">6</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525540"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.8 Limitations of Study:</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">6</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525541"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">1.9 Operational definition of Terms</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">6</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525542"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">... </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">9</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525543"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">2.1 Theoretical Review</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">9</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525544"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">2.2 Student Participation in Administration of Discipline.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">10</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525545"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">2.3 Empirical Review</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">11</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc3" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525546"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">2.3.1 Decision Making in Schools</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">11</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc3" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525547"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">2.3.2 Planning of and extra curriculum activities.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">14</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc3" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525548"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">2.3.3 Education Planning.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">16</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc3" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525549"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">2.3.4 Formulation of School Rules and Regulations.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">18</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525550"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">2.4 Summary of Research Gaps</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">20</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525551"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">2.5 Conceptual Framework</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">21</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525552"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">23</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525553"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">3.1 Introduction</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">23</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525554"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">3.2 Research Design</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">23</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525555"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">3.3 Target Population</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">23</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525556"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">3.4 Sampling Design</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">23</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525557"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">3.5 Data Collection Instruments</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">24</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525558"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">3.6 Data Collection Procedure</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">25</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525559"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">3.7 Validity</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">25</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525560"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">3.8 Reliability</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">26</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525561"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">3.9 Data Analysis</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">26</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525562"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">REFERENCES</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">27</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525563"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">APPENDICES</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">32</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525564"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Appendix I: Introductory letter</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">32</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525565"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Appendix II: Time Plan</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">33</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525566"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Appendix III: Budget</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">33</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525567"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Appendix IV: Questionnaire</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">34</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoToc2" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: right dotted 431.5pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc293525568"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Appendix V: Interview Schedule</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hide: screen; mso-no-proof: yes;">40</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><a href="" name="_Toc293525529"> </a></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525529;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525529;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319117;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525529;">LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS</span></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ECA<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Extracurricular Activities</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">IEP<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Individual Education Plans</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1> </h1><h1><a href="" name="_Toc293525530"> </a></h1></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <h1 style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525530;">CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION</span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This chapter introduces secondary school students’ participation in school administration of discipline, the basis of our study. The chapter looks at how students are involved in school administration of discipline and the benefits that accrue from their involvement. The study also looks at the statement of the problem, the purpose of study, research questions, research objectives, and significance of the study, limitations and operationalization of terms to be looked into in this study.</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525531">1.1 Background of the Study</a></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Most contemporary studies that have sought to understand the relationship between school leadership and academic performance have focused on the distributed/shared aspects of leadership (for example Harris, 2004; Leithwood <i>et al</i>, 2007; Wahlstrom & Louis, 2008). This focus is driven by a widespread belief about the superior benefits of distributed vs. concentrated leadership. Moreover, it has been argued that distributed forms of leadership reflect the reality of the day-to-day division of labor in schools and minimize the probability of lack of discipline due to error in decision making by use of additional information available from diverse, leadership sharing sources.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In a research carried out on the nature and extent of student involvement in education policy making in Canadian school systems (Critchley, 2003) results indicated that there are numerous benefits to meaningful students’ involvement in decision making on various issues in the school. Their involvement provided high levels of discipline, great interest in academic achievement, gained in test scores, had a higher graduation rate and increased student engagement in the school. The school administrators reported having new perspectives about schools and growing ally ship and partnership with the students which yielded greater acceptance of programs and decisions. Involvement also helped realize higher levels of ownership, increased belonging and motivation, identification and education goals (Critchley, 2003).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Student participation in school administration if properly organized and supervised, offers the best of the opportunities for developing students’ morale, cooperation, prudent leadership and intelligent followership and also increases in discipline, self direction and dependence. It also enables schools to mobilize all its forces for a comprehensive program of activities. It enlists the co-operation of both students and teachers much more effectively than would be possible if the program was to be implemented by only the school administrators. It also provides better opportunities for teachers to gauge the special abilities of their pupils than as afforded by curriculum program of the school. it also smoothens the administration of the school as the responsibility for organizing activities and for maintaining discipline is actually shared by the teachers, students and the school administration even though the ultimate and official responsibility in these matters lies with the principal (Kochhar, 2007).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fletcher (2004), notes that meaningful student involvement evolves from a growing awareness among students and educators that young people can and should play a crucial role in the success of school improvement. He observes that educators refute the misconception that engaging students as partners in school change is about “making students happy,” pacifying unruly children, or “letting kids run the school.” Research shows that when educators work with students in schools – as opposed to working for them – school improvement is positive and meaningful for everyone involved (Fletcher, 2004). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, Freire (1998), argues that researchers and advocates still find that students are continuously neglected, and sometimes actively denied, any sort of role in their school’s improvement programs. Paulo Freire argued that learning must be rooted in the experiences that students come from. School is an example of an experience that students have in common; and yet, despite experts’ calls for meaningful student involvement, there is no widespread effort to engage students in school improvement of discipline. Michael Fullan writes, “When adults think of students, they think of them as potential beneficiaries of change… they rarely think of students as participants in a process of school change and organizational life.” (Fullan, 1991). Meaningful student involvement authorizes students and adults to form powerful partnerships to improve discipline in schools schools.</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525532">1.2 Statement of the Problem</a></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Student participation in secondary schools refers to participation of pupils in matters concerning organization, administration, functions and control of discipline through delegation of powers and responsibility to the student body. In a democratic country, one of the important functions of the school is to give training to the future citizens through subjects, opportunities, settings, and activities that will fit them for successful adult life. The student has to be disciplined in the democratic mode of life (Kochhar, 2007).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ong’ondo (2005), observes that in Kenya, the prefect system and the student’s council are the main structures used in students’ participation in maintenance of discipline and decision-making, the degree of participation is mainly consultative; the teacher includes the students in decision making mainly to encourage compliance. However, in his study on student participation in school administration in secondary schools in Kenya, he found out that there is need for a deliberate effort to generate trust between students, teachers, prefects and other students to erase the “them” and “us” syndrome for students’ participation in decision making process to be more meaningful.</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Having realized the importance of student administration and specifically the need for improvement of secondary school students participation in school administration in Kenya, this study seeks to find out the level of student involvement in school administration in Kenya, and specifically Kitui County. </span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525533">1.3 Purpose of the Study:</a></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The purpose of this study is to find out how much students are involved in the school administration and especially in the administration of discipline.</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525534">1.4 Research Objectives</a></h2><h3><a href="" name="_Toc293525535">1.4.1 Overall Objective</a></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The overall of this objective is to investigate the level of secondary school students’ participation in school administration in Kitui County.</span></div><h3><a href="" name="_Toc293525536">1.4.2 Specific Objectives</a></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The specific objectives are:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To find out if the students are involved in the process of decision making in the school</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To find out whether students are involved in the planning of school extra curriculum activities.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To find out whether students are involved in Education Planning.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">To find out if the students are involved in the formulation of school rules and regulations.</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525537">1.5 Research Questions</a></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This study will be guided by the following research questions:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Are the students involved in the schools decision making process?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Are the students involved in the planning of school extra curriculum activities?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Are the students involved in Education Planning?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Are students involved in the formulation of school rules and regulations?</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525538">1.6 Significance of the Study</a></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The study results will document the involvement of secondary school students in the school administration, it will also bring out the effects of/and lack of school administration in secondary schools in Kenya today. This will provide a source of information for any further studies and utilization by various stakeholders for effective implementation of school administration of discipline initiatives/strategies.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The study findings will provide policy makers in the Government of Kenya with insights on the critical factors they need to be considered when formulating policies meant to enhance school administration for efficient and effective school administration and the overall achievement of the schools objectives especially in realization of academic excellence.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The study will be important for scholars as the findings will go a long way in the theoretical development of the field of student participation in the school administration research. The study results will also provide information on further research for students and researcher interested in this area of study.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The study will also be important for schools administration as it will provide recommendations to various ways of improving discipline in schools. It will also give insight into the probable merits and demerits of involving students in school administration of discipline.</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525539">1.7 Scope of the Study:</a></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This study will be limited to finding out the level of student participation in Kitui, Kenya. The study will focus on 20 schools in the County.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The choice of this site arises due to the researcher’s familiarity with the environs thus this will enhance easier collection of data. The researcher also considered the ever growing education disparity between this area and others in the country. Data collection will be conducted between March and April 2011 to allow time for data collection.</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525540">1.8 Limitations of Study:</a></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The research focuses on 20 secondary schools in Kitui County in order to find out the student involvement in school administration in those schools. The research cannot be applied to more schools despite the big number because of the constraints of finances and time as the researcher is financing the research. </span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525541">1.9 Operational definition of Terms</a></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The following terms will be used in this study to imply:</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.9.1 Education Planning</span></b></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Education planning in this study involves curriculum development, individual education plans and general classroom activity planning. This study intends to find out if secondary school students in Kitui, Kenya, are involved in education planning.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.9.2 Discipline:</span></b></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Discipline in this study means the upright behavior of the students and all the staff in the school, be they teachers or other workers. Discipline in the school is important if the school has to achieve its academic objective. This study seeks to find out if the secondary school students in Kitui are involved in the maintenance of discipline in the school and if so, to which level.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.9.3 School rules and regulations</span></b></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">School rules and regulations in this study refer to the set rules and guidelines that students should adhere to when they are in school. School rules and regulations are vital as they help the school administration in the maintenance of order in the school. This study therefore seeks to find out if the secondary schools involve their students in the formulation of school rules and regulations and if so, the advantages and disadvantages of their involvement.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.9.4 Decision making</span></b></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Decision making in this study implies the deliberations made by the school administrators on the issues regarding to the day to day running of the school. The decisions could be on matters education, discipline and extra curriculum activities. Decision making process in the school is important as decisions made affect how things are done in the school. This study seeks to find out whether the students in Kitui are involved in the decision making process in their schools.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1.9.5 Extracurricular activities</span></b></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Extracurricular activities in this study mean those school activities that students engage in but are not part of the formal school academic syllabus. The activities are not examinable and include clubs, associations, games and sports. This study seeks to find out the level of student involvement in extracurricular activities.</span></div><div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><h1><a href="" name="_Toc293525542"> </a></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525542;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525542;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525542;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525542;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525542;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525542;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525542;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525542;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525542;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525542;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525542;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525542;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525542;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525542;">CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW</span></h1><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This chapter presents a review of literature by various authors and researchers who have conducted studies on students’ participation in school administration of discipline. It presents the theoretical review, review of related literature, empirical review of the variables, summary of research gaps and the conceptual frame work.</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525543">2.1 Theoretical Review</a></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This study is based on the self determination theory developed by Deci & Ryan (2002) from studies </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">comparing the intrinsic and extrinsic motives, and the dominant role extrinsic motivation plays in an individual’s behavior (Lepper, Greene & Nisbett, 1973). Intrinsic motivation refers to doing something because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable while extrinsic motivation which refers to doing something because it leads to a separable outcome.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">According to Deci and Ryan Intrinsic motivation remains an important construct, reflecting the natural human propensity to learn and assimilate. However, extrinsic motivation is argued to vary considerably in its relative autonomy and thus can either reflect external control or true self-regulation. Over three decades of research has shown that the quality of experience and performance can be very different when one is behaving for intrinsic versus extrinsic reasons </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(Deci and Ryan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2002)</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">From the perspective of self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2002), effective change in organizations occurs to the extent that people in the organizations have fully internalized its importance. Such internalization will occur when both the nature of the change and the process through which it is facilitated allow satisfaction of people’s basic psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness with respect to the change (Baard, Deci and Ryan., 2004). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">According to Deci (2009) successful school administration is possible when administrators, teachers, and students internalize the value of improved teaching and learning and of the policies, structures, procedures, and behaviors implicitly demanded. This is most likely to happen when school personnel and students experience satisfaction of their basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness while planning and implementing reform. When the components of a reform are relatively flexible rather than rigid and when the processes through which the reform is introduced and implemented are autonomy supportive, people will experience greater need satisfaction and will be more likely to internalize and endorse the reform.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Self-determination theory has not outlined a specific approach to educational administration of discipline, but it does provide a perspective that can speak to the likely effectiveness of approaches outlined by others. This study uses the self-determination theory perspective to comment on various issues related to school administration of discipline.</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525544">2.2 Student Participation in Administration of Discipline.</a></h2><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Education is not concerned only with the transfer of knowledge; it is a far more complex arrangement (</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Strauss, 2006). Discipline is an essential aspect of the education process. <span style="color: black;">It creates a safe learning environment for both students and teachers. Teachers can deliver effective lesson presentation without classroom disruption, and students can receive a quality education without constant distractions. Classroom discipline is designed to produce well-mannered students with proper personal, social and ethical abilities. These abilities may eventually give them the opportunity to make significant contributions to their communities. An undisciplined classroom wastes time and energy, robs students of a quality education and diminishes a teacher's overall effectiveness in classroom control (Glenn, 2011). </span></span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Russell (2007) defines the purpose of education as civilization, a definition which is partly individual, partly social. It consists, in the individual, of both intellectual and moral qualities: intellectually, a certain minimum of general knowledge, technical skill in one's own profession, and a habit of forming opinions on evidence; morally, of impartiality, kindliness, and a modicum of self-control. In communities, civilization demands respect for law, justice as between man and man, purposes not involving permanent injury to any section of the human race, and intelligent adaptation of means to ends. If these are to be the purpose of education, it is a question for the science of psychology to consider what can be done towards realizing them, and, in particular, what degree of freedom is likely to prove most effective (Russell, 2007).</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525545">2.3 Empirical Review</a></h2><h3><a href="" name="_Toc293525546">2.3.1 Decision Making in Schools</a></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">When presented with opportunities to make significant decisions in their schools, students have been known to parrot educators, saying only what they think adults want to hear; students test educators by offering the most outlandish possibilities; and in the most dramatic cases, they simply refuse to make decisions that they have been taught to believe should be made for them (Kohn, 1993).</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kushman & Shanessey (1997) in a collaborative project that included researchers, teachers, administrators, students, university professors and parents explored how to find out what students think about school. Seven case studies were conducted that represented the views of more than 1,000 students from across the USA. The conclusions drawn were that students are articulate and aware. They generally give thoughtful, honest answers to questions about their learning experiences and they are conscious of the restructuring and reform processes going on in their schools. Another conclusion was that listening to students and acting on what they say was not the norm. Though teachers and staff were open to hearing what students had to say, schools were often at a loss about what to do with the data. It was also concluded that there are many ways to find out what students think.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are also many ways to involve students and faculty in the research and inquiry process, and to integrate the inquiry results into the school improvement process.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The challenges students pose in decision-making are coupled with oft-cited barriers in the form of systemic roadblocks in schools and the patronizing attitudes of adult educators (Fletcher, 2004). However, research has proven that when young people are able to make decisions about education and their experience, knowledge, ideas and opinions are empowered, motivation, reasoning skills, and confidence flourish (Zeldin, Kusgen, Topitzes & Calvert, 2000).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meaningful Student Involvement engages students as decision-makers, who partner with educators to make decisions throughout schools, in areas that affect their individual learning as well as the entire school community.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">There is a plethora of negative stereotypes preventing student involvement in school decision-making, as well as structural, cultural, and attitudinal barriers. While the structural and cultural barriers might be obvious, the attitudes might not be. However there is evidence that the historic tide of adultism in schools may be receding. Joiner (2003) validates meaningful student involvement saying "The student board member should be elected by the whole student body, with no interference from administrators, teachers, or others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is the only way the board can really find out what is really happening in the schools and what students really want"</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">"Including students as representatives on boards and committees takes classroom learning into the community and opens the door for many more students to become involved in the policies and practices that shape their schools. Student board representatives play a valuable role in helping locally elected school boards understand how their decisions affect the students they serve and provide our young people with an opportunity to learn about the important debate and compromise that shape school policy" (Wisconsin State Office of Superintendent, 2003). </span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Given the necessity of Meaningful Student Involvement in creating a positive future for schools, as well as the growing call from both students and educators for students to be included as decision-makers, schools must change.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This change should begin in the earliest grades with the youngest students, evolving and changing as students grow in their ability, and as educators grow in their capacity to engage young people.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h3><a href="" name="_Toc293525547">2.3.2 Planning of extra curriculum activities.</a></h3><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mahoney and Stattin (2000) in a study on the relationship between leisure activities and teenage behavior have come up with the term ‘highly structured activities’. They characterize highly structured activities as including "regular participation schedules, rule-guided engagement, direction by one or more adult activity leaders, an emphasis on skill development that is continually increasing in complexity and challenge, activity performance that requires sustained active attention, and clear feedback on performance" (Mahoney and Stattin, 2000). These characteristics, according to Bronfenbrenner and Morris (1998) and Larson (2000), facilitate the development of initiative and lead to healthy adolescent development. Many school-based extracurricular activities, such as sports, student publications, radio stations, or performing groups, can be characterized as highly structured activities.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Extracurricular activities have been touted by their proponents as enabling youths to socialize with peers and adults, set and achieve goals, compete fairly, recover from defeat, and resolve disputes peaceably (Carnegie Corporation of New York, 1992; Danish & Cullotta, 2000). At the psychological level, Dworkin, Larson, and Hansen (2003) argue that extracurricular activities stand out from other aspects of adolescents' lives at school because they provide opportunity for identity work, develop initiative, and allow youth to learn emotional competencies and develop new social skills. At a more macro level, they argue that activity participation also allows youth to form new connections with peers and acquire social capital. In addition, extracurricular activities are one of the few contexts in which adolescents regularly come in contact with unrelated adults outside of the classroom (Darling, Hamilton, & Shaver, 2003).</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Recent studies have documented the association of participation in school-based extracurricular activities with higher levels of academic commitment and better academic performance (Cooper, Valentine, Nye, & Lindsay, 1999), lower rates of high school dropout (Mahoney & Stattin, 2000), and lower levels of delinquency and arrests (Mahoney, 2000; Mahoney & Stattin, 2000).</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fredricks and Eccles (2006) conducted a study to examine the associations between a variety of measures of extracurricular participation and indicators of youth development. The sample of the study was primarily White middle-class adolescents in Grades 7 through 12. The findings indicated that greater involvement in extracurricular activities is associated with academic adjustment, psychological competencies, and a positive peer context.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Darling, Caldwel and Smith (2005) examined the association between participation in school-based extracurricular activities (ECAs) and adolescent adjustment (drinking, marijuana use, grades, academic attitudes and academic aspirations) among students from six high schools. Three major issues were addressed: the potential confounding of selective ECA participation by better adjusted students and measures of adjustment, variability in the strength of the association between ECA participation and adjustment as a function of adolescent demographic characteristics and activity type, and the role of peers as mediators of the association between ECA participation and adjustment. Adolescents who participated in ECAs reported higher grades, more positive attitudes toward schools, and higher academic aspirations once demographic characteristics and prior adjustment were controlled. Alcohol and marijuana use were not independently associated with ECA participation. The ECA-adjustment association did not vary by demographic characteristics and did not appear to be mediated by peer characteristics. Those who participated in non-sport ECAs reported consistently better adjustment than those who did not participate in ECAs and those who participate in sports.</span></div><h3><a href="" name="_Toc293525548">2.3.3 Education Planning.</a></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Education planning happens in many different avenues, with several different considerations. Whether selecting textbooks, determining classroom behavior guidelines, or participating in the physical design process for a new building students can have a role in planning throughout education.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are two forms of Meaningful Student Involvement in education planning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first form is individualized education planning, or planning that affects only the student who is involved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The second form is institutionalized education planning, or planning that affects large numbers of students or the entire student body (Fletcher, 2004).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">While there are currently few schools developing Individual Education Plans (IEP)for every student, the effectiveness of this approach to education planning has been echoed for many years (Wehmeyer & Sands, 1998). In a study by Fletcher & Nishida (2002) on a high school project a course called Practicum in Community Involvement was offered. The course engaged students in developing their own year-long learning project. Students must incorporate certain elements into their project, including research, action and reflection, and identify a community mentor to guide them in their learning. Students’ responses to their experiences grow increasingly sophisticated and powerful, with students regularly exclaiming, “This is the only reason I made it through my senior year”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">As many schools grapple with the need for effective school reform practices, few are actually asking their primary constituency: the students. Nelson & Frederick (1994) studied a project where First-grade students participated in the “Learning-Centered Curriculum-Making Project”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this program, students developed a curriculum that they could use as part of their classroom assignments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The teachers assumed that if students helped to create the curriculum, the classroom dialogue about this process would shed light on how to make learning experiences more cohesive and purposeful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All of the activities met state learning standards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The project progressed by teaching students about a subject and then having them reinvent the lesson plan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They highlighted language and thinking skills related to various subject disciplines. The students used dialog, coaching, modeling, questioning, and reinforcing techniques. Students helped select target themes, establish guiding questions, and design classroom instructional activities.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fletcher & Nishida (2002) conducted a study on a High school in Washington where students co-created the mission, guiding principles, and co-wrote the school constitution for a new high school.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The result is a student-inclusive decision-making process beginning with every student participating in a leadership class daily.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Students also participated in the architectural design process for the school, with much of their input being incorporated into the building.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today, large open spaces and advanced technology courses stand as a testament to the effectiveness of student participation in education planning.</span></div><h3><a href="" name="_Toc293525549">2.3.4 Formulation of School Rules and Regulations.</a></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The issue of student discipline in secondary schools in Kenya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>not<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>just<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fleeting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>concern<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>last<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>few months. The subject has long been debated and has featured<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>repeatedly<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>school<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as well<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>national<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>agendas both<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kenya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>other<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>countries<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>across<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>world. The Government of Kenya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(GoK)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is currently<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>implementing several measures aimed at curbing the various cases of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>indiscipline<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>learning<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>institutions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>particularly<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>use of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>guidance<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>counseling<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>units<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>all<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>secondary<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>schools<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(MOEST, 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kindiki (2009) conducted a study on 8 secondary schools in Naivasha, Kenya. The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of communication on student discipline in secondary schools. From the study it was found out that the level of discipline in secondary schools in Kenya is very low, schools administration rarely discussed implementation of rules and regulations to students<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hence<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>there<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>poor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>channels<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>communication.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ineffective communication results in conflict, chaos, misunderstanding and lack of confidence in school administration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Factors such as individual communication skills promoted effective communication whereas barriers to interpersonal communication hindered effective communication. The study recommended that school administration should initiate dialogue when dealing with students to discuss discipline matters, rules and regulations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Regular<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meetings<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>morning<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>assemblies<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>should<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>be<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>used<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>main<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>channels<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of communication.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">School administrators control students by imposing some form of punishment, thinking that punishment is the most effective means of deterring students from repeatedly failing to behave properly. Schools use policy documents<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>such<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>school<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>code<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>conduct<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>spell<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>out clearly<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>school<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>regulations<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘ground<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rules’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>help<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the students know what is expected of them in order to maintain a well run and organized school. School code of conduct is important but it is a good idea to explain the rules and why they are written because its rigid implementation may create anti-establishment. There should be love and respect within a discipline system, before making a decision to punish, the circumstances leading to the incidence in question must be explained in detail.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Punishment should be consistent and immediate, delaying the decision is ineffective and in many cases the recipient may forget the reason for the punishment (Bakhda, 2004). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Despite of the existence of the school code of conduct, most schools world wide continues to experience student discipline problems because punishment produces anger and rebellion in the students, and frustration and a feeling of inadequacy in the school administration. Punishment is often repeated without ever producing the desired result; </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">That of correction and a change of heart in the students (Sushila, 2004).</span></div><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525550"> </a></h2><h2><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525550;">2.4 Summary of Research Gaps</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kushman & Shanessey’s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(1997) survey gives meaningful insight into the need for students to be involved in schools decision making. It identifies that there are many ways to involve students and faculty in the research and inquiry process, and to integrate the inquiry results into the school improvement process. There is however no comprehensive information provided in the study or in any other of the ways in which students are involved in the decision making process. This study aims at identifying the level of student involvement in decision making in the administration of discipline.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mahoney and Stattin (2000) also highlight the benefits of student involvement in extracurricular activities especially in terms of discipline. However, comprehensive research is lacking with regards to the involvement of students in planning extracurricular activities and its impact on discipline levels. This study seeks to determine the level of student involvement in planning of extracurricular activities and its impact on administration of discipline. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Research on the association between participation in school-based extracurricular activities on indicators of youth development (Fredricks and Eccles, 2006) and on indiscipline due to adolescent adjustment (Darling, Caldwel and Smith,2005) indicates very high correlation. This, however, only gives a western perspective to the findings. This study seeks to establish the relationship between student involvement in planning of extracurricular activity and administration of discipline in Kitui county, Kenya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Similarly studies by Nelson & Frederick (1994) and Fletcher (2002) indicate high correlation between student involvement in education planning and their academic and disciplinary performance. Here is however still a need to establish the level of student involvement in education planning in the country which is what this study seeks to address.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The study by Kindiki (2009) highlights the importance of student involvement in formulation of rules and regulations and goes ahead to recommend participation. The study however indicates a need for investigation into various ways in which students are involved in formulation of school rules and regulations. This study intends to fill this gap.</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525551">2.5 Conceptual Framework</a></h2><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The conceptual framework for this study will consist of decision making, extracurricular activities, education planning and formulation of rules and regulations as the independent factors while student involvement is the dependent variable. The conceptual framework is as illustrated in figure 2.1 below.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">SOURCE: AUTHOR</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 373px; left: -1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; top: 23px; width: 570px; z-index: 1;"><img height="350" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="570" /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">From figure 2.1 above student involvement is determined by the proportion of the student body involved in decision making, extracurricular activities, education planning and formulation of rules and regulations. The measure used to determine the level of involvement is the student and administrations perception of level of involvement s well as the number of disciplinary cases experienced in the school.</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Decision making involves the structures in place to collect student opinions concerning the running and administration of school including finances, funding, timetables, personnel and infrastructure. Extracurricular activities is measured in terms of the number of students engaged in one or more of these activities and the decision areas that they are involved in. Education planning as well as formulation of rules and regulation involves the forums, communication channels and tools established to obtain student contribution and feedback.</span></div><h1><a href="" name="_Toc293525552"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292108359"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></a></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;"> </span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292108359;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;">CHAPTER THREE</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525552;">: <a href="" name="_Toc292108360">RESEARCH METHODOLOGY</a></span></h1><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525553"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292108361"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525553;">3.1 Introduction</span></a></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This chapter explains the research design to be used, target population for the study from which a sample size will be selected. Data collection tool to be used to gather information is brought into the picture as well as how the data will be analyzed and presented.</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525554"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292722350"></a><a href="" name="_Toc283370702"></a><a href="" name="_Toc265541080"></a><a href="" name="_Toc264079066"></a><a href="" name="_Toc256998025"></a><a href="" name="_Toc253017846"></a><a href="" name="_Toc195353087"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167943044"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167863318"></a><a href="" name="_Toc167863221"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167863318;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc167943044;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc195353087;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc253017846;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc256998025;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc264079066;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc265541080;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc283370702;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292722350;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525554;">3.2 Research Design</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The study will employ a descriptive survey study. A descriptive study design is one in which your primary goal is to assess a sample at one specific point in time without trying to make inferences or causal statements where variables will be investigated without any manipulation or alteration and will be used in investigating the level of involvement of students in the administration of schools specifically in the maintenance of discipline. Descriptive research according to Best (1970) is the “conditions or relationship that exist; practices that prevail; beliefs, point of views, or attitudes that are held; processes that are going on; efforts that are felt; or trends that are developing.”</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525555"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292722351"></a><a href="" name="_Toc283370703"></a><a href="" name="_Toc265541081"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc283370703;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292722351;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525555;">3.3 Target Population</span></span></span></a> </h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The population of the study will consist of the 102 Secondary schools in Kitui County. The study will target 8000 secondary school students. The study will also target the head teachers and heads of discipline in the schools.</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525556"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292722352"></a><a href="" name="_Toc283370704"></a><a href="" name="_Toc265541082"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc283370704;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292722352;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525556;">3.4 Sampling Design</span></span></span></a></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Stratified sampling will be used to select a sample size 30% of the target population. According to Patton (2002) 30% of the target population is enough in a descriptive survey study. The main factor considered in determining the sample size is the need to keep it manageable enough. This will enable the researcher to derive from it detailed data at an affordable costs in terms of time, finances and human resource (Mugenda and Mugenda (1999). The sampling design is as shown in table 3.1 below</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Table 3.1 Sampling design</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.8pt;" valign="top" width="162"> <div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Population Category</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"> <div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Target Population</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"> <div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sample size</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"> <div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Percentage</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.8pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Students</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" width="143"> <div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">8000</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"> <div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2400</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" width="143"> <div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">30</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.8pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Head Teachers</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" width="143"> <div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">102</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"> <div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">30</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" width="143"> <div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">30</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.8pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dean of Discipline</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" width="143"> <div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">102</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"> <div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">30</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" width="143"> <div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">30</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.8pt;" width="162"> <div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">TOTAL</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" width="143"> <div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">8204</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"> <div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2460</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" width="143"> <div align="center" class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">30</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A total of 24 students, one head teacher and one dean of discipline will be selected randomly from each of the 30 schools that make up the sample size.</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525557"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292108365"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525557;">3.5 Data Collection Instruments</span></a></h2><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The main research instrument that will be used in this study will be questionnaires and interview schedules. <span style="color: black;">In developing the questionnaire items, the fixed choice and open-ended formats of the item will be used. This format will be used in all categories of the questionnaires. However, in the fixed choice item, it involves “putting words” in the respondents’ mouth, especially when providing acceptable answers, there is temptation to avoid serious thinking on the part of the respondent (Paton, 2002). The respondent end up choosing the easiest alternative and provides fewer opportunities for self-expression. It is because of these reasons that it will be necessary to combine this format of items with a few open – ended response items. The questionnaire will be structured into four parts: part A; demographic information of the respondents where the respondent will give his or her personal and work related details.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Part B to E will cover queries which are designed in a manner to collect the information to justify whether the suggested independent variables affect the dependent variable and to what degree.</span></span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525558"></a><a href="" name="_Toc293319150"></a><a href="" name="_Toc281269156"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293319150;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525558;">3.6 Data Collection Procedure</span></span></a></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The administration of the questionnaire to the selected respondents will be conducted on a ‘drop and pick’ basis. The respondents will be left to fill in the questionnaires over a one day period after which the researcher will collect the filled questionnaires. The researcher will seek appointments with the school’s administration, explain the need of the research, the content of the questionnaire and oversee the administration of the exercise. Interviews with the school head teachers and dean of discipline will be conducted on a face to face basis by the researcher using the interview schedule.</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525559"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292108367"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525559;">3.7 Validity</span></a></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Validity of the instrument which is the accuracy and meaningfulness of inferences will be measured using content validity test. Content validity measures the degree to which data collected using particular instrument represent a specific domain of indicators or content of particular concept. The quality of research is related to the possession of the quality of strength, worth, or value (Keeves, 1997). A valid research finding is one in which there is similarity between the reality that exists in the world and the description of that reality. Validity is concerned with the degree to which a test appears to measure what it purports to measure (Borg & Gall, 1989, p. 256). Apart from content validity test, piloting will be used where the responses of the subjects will be checked against the research objectives. This also gives a reason as to why content will have to be used. For a research instrument to be considered valid, the content selected and included in the questionnaire must be relevant to the variable being investigated Mutai (2000).</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525560">3.8 Reliability</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></h2><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Reliability test will be carried out to test the consistency of the research tools with a view of correcting them. The researcher will improve the instrument by viewing or deleting items from the instrument. To test for reliability, the study will use the internal consistency technique by employing Cronbach Coefficient Alpha test for testing the research tools. Internal consistency of data is determined by correlating the scores obtained from one time with scores obtained from other times in the research instrument. The result of correlation is Cronbach Coefficient Alpha which is value between -1 and 1. The coefficient is high when its absolute value is greater than or equal 0.7 otherwise it is low (Mugenda and Mugenda, 1999). A high coefficient implies high correlation between these items which means there is high consistency among the items and such items should be retained in the tools. This study will correlate items in the instruments to determine how best they relate. Where the coefficient is very low, then the item will be reviewed by either removing it from the tool or correcting it.</span></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525561"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292108370"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525561;">3.9 Data Analysis</span></a></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The research data will be subjected to coding and editing after the actual collection of data is done. The questionnaires shall be sorted and classified on the basis of the type of the group. This will also involve screening the data with the view of checking the consistency and correctness of information collected. This will be followed by data classification and tabulation. Data will later be subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS computer software. Tables, graphs and pie charts will be used to present the research findings.</span></div><h1><a href="" name="_Toc293525562">REFERENCES</a></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Baard, P.P., Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. 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Journal of Educational Psychology, 91{2), 369-37</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Critchley, S. (2003). “The nature and extent of student involvement in educational <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>policymaking in Canadian school systems. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Educational Management & <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Administration</i>, 311:97-106.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Danish, S. J., & Cullotta, T. P. (Eds.). (2000). Developing competent youth and strong communities through after-school programming. 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Berzonsky (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Adolescence (pp. S49-370). Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Deci Edward l. (2009) Large-scale school reform as viewed from the self-determination theory perspective. sage publications, www.sagepublications.com , vol 7(2) 244–253</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (Eds.), (2002). <i>Handbook of self-determination research</i>. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dworkin, J. B., Larson, R., & Hansen, D. (2003). Adolescents' accounts of growth experiences in youth activities./ounia/ of Youth and Adolescence, 32(\), 17-2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Educational Administration Quarterly , 44 </i>(4), 458 - 495.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fletcher, A. & Nishida, N. (2002). Meaningful Student Involvement in Service Learning, ServiceLine Newsletter 12(3). Summer. www.k12.wa.us/TitleVpartA/LearnServe/ServiceLine/SL%20summer%2002.pdf</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">Fletcher, A. (2004). Meaningful Student Involvement Research Summary. HumanLinks Foundation, Freechild Project. <a href="http://www.soundout.org/MSIResearch.pdf">www.soundout.org/MSIResearch.pdf</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fredricks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2006) Extracurricular Involvement and Adolescent Adjustment: Impact of Duration, Number of Activities, and Breadth of Participation. Applied Developmental Science, 2006, Vol. 10, No. 3, 132–146, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Freire, P. (1998). “Teachers as cultural workers.” Westview Press.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fullan, M. (1991). “The new meaning of educational change.” New York, NY: Teachers</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Glenn Steve (2011). <span style="color: #232323;">The Importance of Discipline in the Classroom. Demand Media on http://www.ehow.com/about_6385248_importance-discipline-classroom.html</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">Joiner, L. (2003). The studentís voice, American School Board Journal 190(1). www.asbj.com/2003/01/0103coverstory.html<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keeves, J. P., (Ed) (1997). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Educational Research, Methodology, and Measurement: An International Handbook</i>. Second Edition. Pergamon.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kochhar, S.K. (2007). “Secondary school administration.” New Jersey: Amazon.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">Kohn, A. (1993). Choices for children: why and how to let students decide. Phi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Delta Kappan. September: 8-20.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.alfiekohn.org/teaching/cfc.htm">www.alfiekohn.org/teaching/cfc.htm</a></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">Kushman, J. & Shanessey, J. (1997). Chapter three: research in the hands of students," in Look Who's Talking Now: Student Views of Restructuring Schools. Portland, OR: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">Larson, R. W. (2000). Toward a psychology of positive youth development. American Psychologist, 55(\), 170-183.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>leadership to make schools smarter: Taking the ego out of the system.” <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Leadership and Policy in Schools , 6</i>, 37–67.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Leithwood, K., Mascall, B., Sacks, R., Memon, N., & Yashkina, A. (2007). “Distributing </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Lepper, M. K., Greene, D., & Nisbett, R. (1973). Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the "overjustification" hypothesis. <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>, <i>28</i>, 129–137.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahoney, J. L. (2000). School extracurricular activity participation as a moderator in the development of antisocial patterns. Child Development, 7i(2), 502-516.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">Mahoney, J. L., & Stattin, H. (2000). Leisure activities and adolescent antisocial behavior: The role of structure and social context. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 113-12</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MOEST<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2005)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kenya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Educational<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sector<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Support<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Programme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2005-2010: Delivering Quality Education and Training<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to all Kenyans. Nairobi. MOEST.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Mugenda, A. and Mugenda, O (1999). </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Approaches.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Nairobi: Acts Press.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mutai, K.M. (2000). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">How to write Quality Research Proposal: A Complete and</i> <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Simplified Recipe.</i> New Delhi: Thelley Publishers.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nelson, J.R., Frederick, L. (1994). Can kids design curriculum? yes! Education Digest, April 1994, 59 (8): 42-43.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ong’ondo, C.O. (2005). “Student participation in the decision making process.” <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Commonwealth Foundation.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Paton, M.Q (2002). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3<sup>rd</sup> Edition). </i>London: Sage Publications.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">Russell Bertrand (2007). "Education And Discipline." Unpublished article on <a href="http://www.zona-pellucida.com/essay-russel.html">http://www.zona-pellucida.com/essay-russel.html</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Strauss, Bradley Stead (2006). "School discipline and collaborative rule making: pupil perceptions". CPUT Theses & Dissertations. Paper 105. <a href="http://dk.cput.ac.za/td_cput/105">http://dk.cput.ac.za/td_cput/105</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sushila B<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2004) Management and Evaluation of Schools. Oxford University Press, East Africa Limited. Kenya. Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Education<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2005) Non- Violent Measures Needed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to Resolve Differences and Dispute. <a href="http://www.ttips.org/">www.TTIPS.org</a>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wahlstrom, K. L., & Louis, K. S. (2008). “How teachers experience principal leadership: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The roles of professional community, trust, efficacy, and shared responsibility.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wehmeyer, M. & Sands, D. (1998). Making It Happen: Student Involvement in Education Planning, Decision-Making and Instruction. Baltimore: Brookes.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">Wisconsin State Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction. (2003). Burmaster Offers Support for Student Members on School Boards. Author: Madison, WI <a href="http://www.dpi.state.wi.us/dpi/dltcl/eis/pdf/dpi2003_05.pdf">www.dpi.state.wi.us/dpi/dltcl/eis/pdf/dpi2003_05.pdf</a></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">Zeldin, S., Kusgen McDaniel, A., Topitzes, D., & Calvert, M. (2000).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Youth in Decision-Making: A Study on the Impacts of Youth on Adults and Organizations. Madison: National 4-H Council. <a href="http://www.theinnovationcenter.org/images/products/01240215104234_YouthinDecisionMakingReportRevised9-01.pdf">www.theinnovationcenter.org/images/products/01240215104234_YouthinDecisionMakingReportRevised9-01.pdf</a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><h1><a href="" name="_Toc293525563"> </a></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525563;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525563;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525563;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525563;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525563;"> </span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525563;">APPENDICES</span></h1><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525564">Appendix I: Introductory letter</a></h2><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">__________________</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P.O. Box 75104</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> -</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">00200</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nairobi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dear Sir/Madam,</span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RE: <u>PERMIT TO CONDUCT RESEARCH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></u></span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I am a Kenyatta university Education student carrying out a research on ‘<span style="color: black;">the level of student involvement in administration of discipline in Kitui county’. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I am therefore seeking your permission and assistance to conduct the research. Your help in filling in the questionnaire will be highly appreciated. All information will be treated with absolute confidentiality. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Thank you in advance</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 200%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Yours faithfully</span></div></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525565"> </a></h2><h2><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525565;">Appendix II: Time Plan</span></h2><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.7in;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.1pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">April</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">May</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">June</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aug</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.7in;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proposal development</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #333333; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.1pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #333333; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.7in;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Data collection</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.1pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #333333; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.7in;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Data analysis</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.1pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #333333; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.7in;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Report compilation</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.1pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.15pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #333333; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #333333; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" valign="top" width="47"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="ListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525566">Appendix III: Budget</a></h2><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -63.2pt; width: 487px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.6pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="249"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Item</span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Total cost</span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.6pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: right;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1</span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="249"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proposal development</span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="249"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Material</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1,500.00</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="249"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Printing</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2,000.00</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="249"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Photocopying</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1,000.00</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4,500.00</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: right;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="249"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Data collection</span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="249"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Printing</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1,000.00</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="249"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Photocopying</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3,000.00</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="249"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Traveling costs</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1500.00</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5,500.00</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: right;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3</span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="249"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Data analysis</span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="249"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Material cost</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1000.00</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="249"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Printing</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1,500.00</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2,500.00</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: right;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4</span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="249"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Report compilation</span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="249"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Printing</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1700.00</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="249"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Photocopying</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1000.00</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="249"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Binding</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">300.00</span></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3,000.00</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 186.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="249"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Total Cost</span></b></div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="91"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><u style="text-underline: double;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">15,500.00</span></u></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525567">Appendix IV: Questionnaire</a></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Part A: Demographic Information</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Gender</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i) Male<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>ii) Female</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Class</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i) Form 1<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>ii) Form 2<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>iii) Form 3<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>iv) Form 4</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Are you a boarder or a day scholar? </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i) Boarder<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>ii) Day scholar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Does your school have the following?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i) Prefect<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>ii) Student council <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>iii) Students Association</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iv) Others ___________________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Which of the above are you a member of?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i) ______________________<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>ii) None</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Part B: Decision Making</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Do students participate in decision making in your school?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i) Yes<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>ii) No</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7. If yes to question 4 above, which areas do they participate in decision making?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i) School Uniform<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>ii) Rules and regulations</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iii)Leadership<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>iv) Time table</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">v) Academic work<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>vi) Extracurricular activities<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">vii) Personnel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8. What method is used to involve students in decision making in your school?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i) Voting</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>ii) Group Discussion</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iii) Survey</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iv) Individual Interview</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9. To what extent are students opinions considered in the decision making process of your school?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i) To a very large extent<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>ii) To a large extent</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iii) To some extent<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>iv) To a very little extent</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>v) To no extent at all</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10. State your level of agreement to the following statements about your school.</span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 41.4pt; width: 588px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 56.7pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 56.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 56.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Strongly agree</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 56.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Agree</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 56.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Neutral</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 56.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Disagree</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 56.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Strongly Disagree</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="top" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Students are usually aware of administrative processes in the school</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="top" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Students are given opportunities to make significant decisions</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="top" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Students opinions and comments are usually listened to and articulated by the administration</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="top" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Students are satisfied with majority of the decisions made by the school administration</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Part C: Extracurricular activities</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">11. Does your school involve students in extracurricular activities?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i) Yes<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>ii) No</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">12. Which of the following extracurricular activities are available in your school? Which ones are involved in interschool competition? Which ones do you participate in?</span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 0.15pt; width: 633px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 56.7pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 56.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 286.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="382"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 56.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Available in School</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 56.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">involved in interschool competition</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 56.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I participate in</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 286.25pt;" width="382"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sports </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">( Football, Hockey, Rugby, Netball, Volleyball, Athletics, Basketball, cricket, swimming)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 286.25pt;" width="382"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Games</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Chess, Checkers, Table tennis, Darts, Pool)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 286.25pt;" width="382"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Clubs</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> ( Drama, Music, Debate, academic, environmental)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 286.25pt;" width="382"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Associations </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">( Scouts, Guides, Religion)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.55pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.45pt;" valign="top" width="82"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">13. Who decides on membership in extracurricular activities?</span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 41.4pt; width: 588px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 69.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To a very large extent</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To a large extent</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To some extent</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To a very little extent</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To no extent at all</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="top" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Students</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="top" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Coaches/ Teachers</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="top" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Head Teacher/ School Administration</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="top" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Parents</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">14. Who provides the equipment and facilities for these activities?</span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 41.4pt; width: 588px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 69.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 250.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="334"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To a very large extent</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To a large extent</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To some extent</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To a very little extent</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To no extent at all</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 250.5pt;" valign="top" width="334"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Students</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 250.5pt;" valign="top" width="334"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Coaches/ Teachers</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 250.5pt;" valign="top" width="334"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Head Teacher/ School Administration</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 250.5pt;" valign="top" width="334"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Community</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 250.5pt;" valign="top" width="334"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Individual Sponsors</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 250.5pt;" valign="top" width="334"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Corporate Sponsors</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 250.5pt;" valign="top" width="334"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Parents</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Part D: Education Planning</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">15. Are you involved in personal academic projects in your school?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i) Yes<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>ii) No</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">16. Does your school involve students in career planning?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i) Yes<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>ii) No<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>iii) Do Not Know</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">17. In which of the following areas have you been involved in your school?</span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 41.4pt; width: 588px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 69.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To a very large extent</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To a large extent</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To some extent</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To a very little extent</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To no extent at all</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="top" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Selecting text books</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="top" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Determining subjects to study</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="top" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Curriculum Planning</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="top" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Creating the school vision and mission</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="top" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Writing the school constitution</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="top" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Designing lesson plan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 257.25pt;" valign="top" width="343"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Architectural Design of the school</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.75pt;" valign="top" width="49"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">18. Do you have suggestions for improving the academic performance of your school?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i) Yes<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>ii) No</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">19. If yes to question 18 above are you allowed airing of your suggestions in your school?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">i) To a very large extent<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>ii) To a large extent</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iii) To some extent<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>iv) To a very little extent</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>v) To no extent at all</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Part E: Formulation of Rules and Regulation</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">20. Are students involved in formulation of rules and regulations in your school?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i) Yes<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>ii) No<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>iii) Do Not Know</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">21. Who decides on what punishment or reward to give in your school?</span></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 41.4pt; width: 588px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 69.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 250.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="334"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To a very large extent</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To a large extent</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To some extent</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To a very little extent</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 69.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-rotate: 90; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 5.65pt; margin-right: 5.65pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To no extent at all</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 250.5pt;" valign="top" width="334"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Students</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 250.5pt;" valign="top" width="334"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teachers</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 250.5pt;" valign="top" width="334"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Head Teacher</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 250.5pt;" valign="top" width="334"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dean of Discipline</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 250.5pt;" valign="top" width="334"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prefects</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 250.5pt;" valign="top" width="334"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Parents</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 38.1pt;" valign="top" width="51"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">22. How often do teachers, administration and students meet to discuss disciplinary matters (i.e. General Assemblies) in your school?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i) Every Day<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>ii) 1 – 3 Times a week<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iii) 1 – 3 times a Month<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>iv) 1 – 3 Times a Term</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>v) Never</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">23. Do you think the schools code of conduct is just, fair and equitable?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i) Strongly Agree<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>ii) Agree<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>iii) Neutral</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>iv) Disagree<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>ii) Strongly Disagree</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">24. What recommendation would you give for improving student participation in your school?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">__________________________________________________________________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">__________________________________________________________________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">__________________________________________________________________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">__________________________________________________________________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">__________________________________________________________________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">__________________________________________________________________</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thank You.</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h2><a href="" name="_Toc293525568"> </a></h2><h2><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525568;"> </span></h2><h2><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525568;"> </span></h2><h2><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525568;"> </span></h2><h2><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc293525568;">Appendix V: Interview Schedule</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Name of School ___________________________________________________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Is it <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(a) <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>i) Day school<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>ii) Boarding School</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(b) <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>i) Girls<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>ii) Boys<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>iii) Mixed</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Your position in the school.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>i) Head teacher<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>ii) Dean of Discipline</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Have there been disciplinary Incidents in the school in the past three years? Briefly mention the various cases.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. What could be attributed to the cause of indiscipline in the mentioned incidences?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6. How does the school decide on how to handle cases of indiscipline?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7. How does the school involve students in the administration of discipline?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8. How far are the students allowed to make decisions about the day to day running of the school? </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9. How does the school ensure that students willingly and diligently adhere to the school rules and regulations?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10. What positive results have you experienced in student involvement in administration of discipline?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11. What is your recommendation on how to improve student participation in administration of discipline?</span></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Thank You</span></i></b><br />
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Contact 254721554737, EMAIL. MILLIONAREDOLLAR@YAHOO.COM</div>pesapayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02806498962570303245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859261729650591828.post-69136055568719639232011-05-29T03:01:00.000-07:002011-05-29T03:01:04.421-07:00effects of single parenthood on learners academic performance<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CHAPTER FOUR</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.0 Introduction </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The main focus of this chapter is the presentation of analyses and interpretation of the results of the research findings. The findings are analysed regarding the effects of single parenthood on learners academic performance. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used to analyze responses to various items in the questionnaire. This data is presented in charts, graphs, frequency tables and cross tabulation tables.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1 Demographic Information</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The researcher sought to establish the general information of the respondents, which forms the basis under which the interpretations are made.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1.1 Age of respondents</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The study sought to find out the age of the teacher respondents. The findings are as shown in table 4.1.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 4.1 Age of teacher respondents</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Age of teachers</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frequency</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percentage</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Below 21 years</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">21-24 years</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">25-30 years</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">35</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Over 30 years</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">40</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">100</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The findings indicate that 8(40%) of the teacher respondents were aged over 30 years. This implies that the teachers are experienced enough as they have been teaching for long. It also implies that the teachers may have had experiences with pupils from both parents as well as single parents and therefore in a position to give information on the effects of single parenthood on learners academic performance. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Further, the study sought to find out the age of the parents as age may also be a pointer to whether parents are single or not. The study findings are as shown in table 4.2.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 4.2 Age of Parents</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Age of parents</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frequency</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percentage</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Below 24 years</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">24-29 years</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">30-35 years</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">36-40 years</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">40</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Over 40 years</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">30</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">100</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The analysis indicates that majority 14 (70%) of the parents are aged over 35 years. This implies that the parents are mature and can be able to make decisions regarding their children education. It also important to note that 2 (10%) of the parents were very young aged below 24 years.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Finally, the study findings regarding the age of the pupils are as tabulated in table 4.3 below. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 4.3 Age of Pupils</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Age of Pupils</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frequency</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percentage</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Below 10 years</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">10 – 15 years</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">18</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">90</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Above 15 years</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">100</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The analysis indicates that majority 18 (90%) of the pupils were aged between 10 and 15 years which is usually the primary school age-going gap. However, its important to note that 1 (5%) of the respondents were aged over 15 years which may imply late entrance into school.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1.2 Marital Status of Respondents</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Since the purpose of this study was to find out the effects of single parenthood on learners academic performance, the study found it paramount to find out the marital status of the respondents. The study findings are as shown in table 4.4.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 4.4 Marital status of Teachers</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Marital status of teachers</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frequency</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percentage</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Single</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">30</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Married</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">13</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">65</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Divorced</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">100</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The marital status findings of the teachers indicate that 13 (65%) of the teachers are married with only 6(30%) of the teachers being single. This indicates a good group that can clearly articulate the issues in the study. Further, the marital status of the parents are as shown in table 4.5.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 4.5 Marital status of Parents</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Marital status of parents</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frequency</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percentage</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Single</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Married</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">17</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">85</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Divorced</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">100</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The study findings indicate that majority 17 (85%) of the parents interviewed were married while only 1 (5%) was single. Further 2 (10%) were divorced.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2 Level of Schooling of Respondents</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2.1 Teachers Level of Schooling </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The various levels of the teachers’ schooling are presented in the graph below:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figure 4.1 Level of education of teachers</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><img height="348" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="588" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A pictorial analysis above shows that majority 16 (80%) of the respondents teachers were educated upto college level. This implies that the teachers have the capacity and know-how to educate the pupils as they are qualified. The level of education of parents is further shown in figure 4.2.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figure 4.2 Level of education of parents</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><img height="348" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="588" />The analysis indicates that 9 (45%) of the parent respondents have upto secondary level of education with 7 (35%) having upto college level of education. This implies that the parents are educated enough to be able to make wise decisions and support their children in the teaching-learning process. However, its important to note that 3 (15%) of the parent respondents had upto primary level of education which may mean that they have limited access to job opportunities and hence may not have the resources required to support their children in school through buying uniforms as well as provision of food. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2.3 Class of Pupils</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The pupils contacted were from different classes in the five different schools as shown below:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figure 4.3 Pupils classes </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><img height="339" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="576" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">50% of the pupils contacted from the five primary schools were in class eight. 30% were in class seven, 15% from class six and 5% from class five. This indicates an adequate sample size for the study as the upper primary is well represented. The pupils have also been in school for long enough and can thus give information regarding the effects of single parenthood on learners’ academic achievement since they are the main subjects themselves. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.3 Effects of single Parenthood on Academic Performance of Children</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In order to achieve the main purpose of this study, the researcher sought to find out from teachers what effects single parenthood has on learners’ academic achievement. The researcher also sought the same views from parents as well as the subjects themselves, the pupils. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ZA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-ZA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: EN-ZA; mso-no-proof: yes;">4.3.1 Teachers</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The teachers were required to list the factors that affect learners from single Parenthood families. They gave the following factors as shown in table 4.6.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 4.6 Factors affecting learning based on age of respondents</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; width: 601px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Factors</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.1pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Below 21 years</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.9pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">21-24 yrs</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .85in;" valign="top" width="82"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">25-30yrs</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.95pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Over 30yrs</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.3pt;" valign="top" width="79"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Total</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Financial problems</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.1pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.9pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">20%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .85in;" valign="top" width="82"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">7</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">35%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.95pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">8</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">40%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.3pt;" valign="top" width="79"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">16</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">80%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Psychological problems</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.1pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.9pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .85in;" valign="top" width="82"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.95pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">8</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">100%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.3pt;" valign="top" width="79"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">8</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">100%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Social problems</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.1pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">7.1%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.9pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">7.1%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .85in;" valign="top" width="82"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">35.7%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.95pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">7</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">50%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.3pt;" valign="top" width="79"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">14</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">70%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Health problems</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.1pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 61.9pt;" valign="top" width="83"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .85in;" valign="top" width="82"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.95pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">8</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">100%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 59.3pt;" valign="top" width="79"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">8</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">100%</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The analysis above indicates that majority 8 (100%) of the teacher respondents were of the opinion that psychological problems and health problems were some of the factors affecting learners from single parenthood. From the field, the researcher gathered that the teachers were of the opinion that lack of a father figure affects the learners psychologically and hence interfering with their learning process. However, its important to note that this responses were given only by teachers aged over 30 years. Probably through experience they have noticed these factors. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Further, the findings indicate that 7 (50%) of teachers aged over 30 years were of the opinion that single parenthood also breeds social problems which in turn affects the learning process of learners from single parents. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.3.2 Parents</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The effects of single parenthood were described by the parents contacted for the study as shown below.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 4.7 Effects of single parenthood according to parents</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; width: 530px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.5pt;" valign="top" width="146"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Effects /</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">school</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.7pt;" valign="top" width="86"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">School drop-out</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" valign="top" width="74"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Don’t enroll</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Psychologically affected</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Stigmatization</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.5pt;" valign="top" width="146"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">O.L.N primary</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.7pt;" valign="top" width="86"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">15%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" valign="top" width="74"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">10%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0.0%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.5pt;" valign="top" width="146"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jobenfer</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.7pt;" valign="top" width="86"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" valign="top" width="74"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0.0%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0.0%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.5pt;" valign="top" width="146"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Reuben</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.7pt;" valign="top" width="86"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" valign="top" width="74"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">10%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0.0%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.5pt;" valign="top" width="146"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kwa Njenga</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.7pt;" valign="top" width="86"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" valign="top" width="74"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.5pt;" valign="top" width="146"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Angaza</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.7pt;" valign="top" width="86"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">15%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" valign="top" width="74"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0.0%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0.0%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 109.5pt;" valign="top" width="146"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Total</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 64.7pt;" valign="top" width="86"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">9</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">45%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.2pt;" valign="top" width="74"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">8</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">40%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.5pt;" valign="top" width="117"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">15%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.6pt;" valign="top" width="107"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5%</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Majority of the parents from 3 (15%) from our Lady of Nazareth were of the opinion that single parenthood causes learners to drop out of school. Further, the findings indicate that 9(45%) of all the parents put together thought that single parenthood causes learners to drop out while 8 (40%) were of the opinion that single parenthood sometimes makes the children not enroll in school. This may be pegged to the fact that single parents in the slum areas have little streams of income or no stream at all. As such, their pupils according to parents may not enroll in school. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.4 Forms of help given to children from single parent families</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.4.1 Teachers</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The teachers were asked to comment on whether the government has been helping these learners from single parent families. They gave the following results</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 4.8 Government intervention</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Government intervention</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frequency</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percentage</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Yes</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">20</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">No</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">16</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">80</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Total</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">20</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.05in;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">100</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Out of the 20 teachers contacted, 16 (80%) said that the government has not done anything to help these learners while only four agreed that the government has done something to help the learners.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.4.2 Pupils</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The pupils were asked to give a list of the charitable groups that help the children from the single parent families in Mukuru Kwa Njenga. They gave the following groups.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Out of the 20 pupils contacted for the study four mentioned the World Vision and four mentioned Runjitwa group as helping pupils in Mukuru. Three pupils mentioned World Food Programme and other three mentioned Peer Educators. Two pupils mentioned Mikato Safaris and other two mentioned Hope World Wide Group while other two pupils mentioned Utana group to have helped pupils in Mukuru kwa Njenga.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.5 Measures to improve the academic performance of these children</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">After establishing the effects of single parenthood on academic performance of learners, the researcher sought to find out measures that can be taken to improve academic performance of this children. These measures were sought from the three stakeholders; parents, teachers and the pupils. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.5.1 Teachers</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The teachers gave the following measures as possible to help improve the academic performance of these children. The findings are as tabulated in table 4.9.</span></div><h1 style="line-height: 200%;"><a href="" name="_Toc170220848">Table 4.9 </a>Measures of improving academic performance</h1><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -12.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Measures of improving performance</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Frequency</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Percentage (%)</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Government support</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">17</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">85</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Counseling</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">12</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">60</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Scholarship</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">40</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sensitization on importance of education</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">9</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">45</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Provision of food to children</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">30</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jobs provision for single parents</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">30</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Cheap boarding schools</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Children homes</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Support from well wishers</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">25</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The analysis above indicates that majority 17 (85%) of the teacher respondents were of the opinion that government support could be one of the measures that can be used to improve academic performance of learners from single parents. This is probably informed by the fact the government has the responsibility of ensuring that all its citizens has access to good and quality education. The government is also in a position to assist the less privileged or marginalized in the society if that is the case.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Many teachers said that government support and counseling would help these children. Others said sensitization of the importance of education to these families would increase the enrollment of the children in schools. Provision of scholarship programs, food and jobs for the parents will help alleviate the problem. Others suggested cheap boarding schools, children home and support from well wishers to be other solutions to the problem.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">To further analyze the suggestions, a cross tabulation table was run against the gender of the teachers giving the following information as shown in table 4.10.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 200%;">Table 4.10 Measures of improving academic performance</h1><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -12.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Measures of improving performance</span></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Frequency</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Total </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Male</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Female</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Government support</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(58.5%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(41.2%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">17</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(100%)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Counseling</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(0.0%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">12</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(100%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">12 </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(100%)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Scholarship</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(37.5%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5 </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(62.5%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">8 </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(100%)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sensitization on importance of education</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(55.5%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(44.5%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">9 </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(100%)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Provision of food to children</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(16.7%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(83.3%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6 </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(100%)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jobs provision for single parents</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(66.7%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(33.3%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6 </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(100%)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Cheap boarding schools</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(50%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(50%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4 </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(100%)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Children homes</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(100%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(0.0%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(100%)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Support from well wishers</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(100%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(0.0%)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5 </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">(100%)</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Majority of the male teachers said government support and counseling. Majority of the female respondents said provision of employment for the single parent and sensitization on the importance of education would help alleviate the problem of low enrollment in schools of learners from single parent families.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.5.2 Parents </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The parents contacted for the study gave various suggestions on how the academic performance of the learners from single parent families in Mukuru can be improved. Their suggestions are tabulated as shown in table 4.11.</span></div><h1 style="line-height: 200%;">Table 4.11 Measures of improving academic performance by parents</h1><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -12.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Measures of improving performance</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Frequency</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Percentage (%)</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Scholarship</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">50</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Government support</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">11</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">55</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Medical attention</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">40</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sensitization on importance of education</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">40</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Provision of social amenities</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">30</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Counseling </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">35</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Economic empowerment</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">13</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">65</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Motivating the learners</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">30</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Provision of learning materials</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">11</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">55</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Improved security</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The analysis indicates that 10 (50%) of the contacted parents suggested provision of scholarship programs for the children from single parent families. Other suggestions brought forward include support by the government, sensitization of parents on the need of educating their children, admission of the vulnerable children in children homes, economic empowerment of the single parents among others as shown above.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In addition, its important to note that majority 13 (65%) of the parents were of the opinion that economic empowerment of single parents could be the best measure to ensure good academic performance of learners. This could have been informed by the thinking that its better to teach a man how to fish rather than giving him a fish. The parents here are therefore being futuristic and concerned about their welfare and that of their children now and in the future. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.5.3 Pupils </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The pupils were required to give their suggestions on the measures which could be employed to help the learners from the single parent families. They gave the following suggestions as shown in table 4.12.</span></div><h1 style="line-height: 200%;">Table 4.12 Measures of improving academic performance by pupils</h1><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -12.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Measures of improving performance</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Frequency</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Percentage (%)</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Encouragement</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">40</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rich to help the poor</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">50</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Scholarship</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">17</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">85</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Provision of basic needs</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">9</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">45</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Give love and attention</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">15</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Equal treatment</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Support from government</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">14</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">70</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 261.0pt;" valign="top" width="348"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Provision of learning materials</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">12</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">60</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The analysis indicates that 9 (45%) of the pupils suggested provision of basic needs as the major measure in improving the academic performance of the children from single parent families in Mukuru Kwa Njenga. Other pupils said that the children from single parent families should be given equal treatment with the other pupils, they should be given love and attention by the stakeholders and also encouragement. Another measure suggested by some pupils was the provision of scholarship programs, support from the government and the rich to help the poor. Provision of learning materials was another measure suggested to help in improving the academic performance of the children from single parent families in Mukuru Kwa Njenga.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The measures suggested by the pupils was further cross tabulated against the schools. This gave the following results as shown in table 4.13. </span></div><h1 style="line-height: 200%;">Table 4.13 Cross-tabulation of measures of improving performance against school</h1><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -12.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Measures of improving performance</span></b></div></td> <td colspan="5" style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 279.0pt;" valign="top" width="372"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Frequency</span></b></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Total</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">O.L.N primary</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Jobenfer</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Reuben</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Kwa njenga</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;">Angaza</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Encouragement</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rich to help the poor</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Scholarship</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">17</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Provision of basic needs</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">9</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Give love and attention</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Equal treatment</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Support from government</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">14</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Provision of learning materials</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">12</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The pupils contacted from Our Lady of Nazareth Primary School suggested provision of basic needs, the rich should help the poor, provision of scholarship programmes and encouragement of the pupils from single parent families to perform well academically. Pupils from Jobenfer primary suggested support from the government, giving the children equal treatment with the other pupils and giving them love and attention. From Reuben primary, the pupils suggested provision of basic needs, giving them love and attention and provision of learning materials. The pupils from Kwa Njenga suggested encouragement, provision of basic needs and equal treatment to the pupils from single parent families. The pupils from Angaza Primary suggested encouragement, the rich should help the poor, provision of scholarship programs and support from the government as the possible measures that can help improve the academic performance of the children from the single parent families in Mukuru Kwa Njenga.</span></div><br />
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Contact 254721554737, EMAIL. MILLIONAREDOLLAR@YAHOO.COM</div>pesapayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02806498962570303245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859261729650591828.post-59315886226819738822011-05-29T02:46:00.000-07:002011-05-29T02:46:19.838-07:00THE ROLE OF HEADS OF DEPARTMENT IN QUALITY ASSURANCE AND STANDARDS IN SELECTED PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN GITHUNGURI DISTRICT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="Section1"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: black;">THE ROLE OF HEADS OF DEPARTMENT IN QUALITY ASSURANCE AND STANDARDS IN SELECTED PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN GITHUNGURI DISTRICT</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: black;">BY</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: black;">KAMAU DAVID MACHARIA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: black;">EDU/PGEM/9031/10</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF EXECUTIVE MASTERS DEGREE IN LEADERSHIP AND POLICY IN EDUCATION</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">MOI – NAIROBI CAMPUS</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">APRIL 2011</span></b></div></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="Section2"> <h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503509"></a><a href="" name="_Toc270303428"></a><a href="" name="_Toc196016758"></a><a href="" name="_Toc172548388"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580826"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc172548388;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc196016758;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc270303428;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503509;"><span style="color: black;">DECLARATION</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 55.8pt;"><span style="color: black;">I hereby declare that this proposal is my original work and has not been presented for a Degree in any other University. No part of this proposal should be reproduced without my permission and/or that of Moi University.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 55.8pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 55.8pt;"><span style="color: black;">Kamau, D.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>M. <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>___________________<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>_______________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 55.8pt;"><span style="color: black;">EDU/PGEM/9031/10<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Signature<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Date</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 55.8pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 55.8pt;"><span style="color: black;">This proposal has been submitted for examination with my approval as university Supervisor:-</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 55.8pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 55.8pt;"><span style="color: black;">Dr. Kindiki <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>__________________<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>_________________</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 55.8pt;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Signature<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Date</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 55.8pt;"><span style="color: black;">Senior Lecturer,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 55.8pt;"><span style="color: black;">Department of Education Management &</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 55.8pt;"><span style="color: black;">Policy Studies</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 55.8pt;"><span style="color: black;">Moi</span><span style="color: black;"> University</span><span style="color: black;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 55.8pt;"><br />
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</div><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503510"><span style="color: black;">ABSTRACT</span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The desire to provide quality education for all Kenyan children was one of the major objectives of the struggle for independence. </span><span style="color: black;">Available evidence (Ofsted, 2005) however shows that some schools go for as long as two to three years without being inspected. Also, rarely do heads of departments supervise curriculum effectively in their departments. This has been the case in Githunguri district, with most schools going for as long as five years without government supervision. This study, therefore seeks to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">investigate the role of heads of department in quality assurance and standards in public secondary schools in Githunguri district. </span>This study will be guided by Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development advanced in 1964. Piaget’s theory emphasize that effective curriculum supervision translate abstract concepts into concrete facts enhancing performance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">The study will employ a descriptive survey study. Purposive sampling will be used to select 30% of the schools in the District. The schools will be divided into strata’s depending on the schools mean grade at the 2009 KCSE: those schools with more than 5.0 mean grade will be categorized as “good academic performers” while those below 5.0 will be categorized as “poor academic performers”. The respondents for the study will be Heads of Departments in mathematics and science subjects in the selected schools. Heads of Departments will be sampled purposively each school. Questionnaires will be the main data collection instruments.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black;">Descriptive methods will be employed and data presented in the form of frequency distribution tables and pie charts that will facilitate description and explanation of the study findings. SPSS will be used to generate frequency distribution tables. The findings are expected to provide schools in Githunguri District, Ministry of Educational Planners and KIE with a better understanding of the important role of HODs in quality assurance and standards supervision in public secondary schools. The impact of effective supervision of quality assurance and standards in public secondary schools especially with a follow up by heads of departments will be clarified.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503511"><span style="color: black;">TABLE OF CONTENTS</span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503509">DECLARATION<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">i</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503510">ABSTRACT<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ii</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503511">TABLE OF CONTENTS<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">iii</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503512">CHAPTER ONE<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-weight: normal; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-weight: normal; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-weight: normal; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></b></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503513">1.0 INTRODUCTION<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503514">1.1 Background of the Study<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503515">1.2 Statement of the Problem<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">3</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503516">1.3 Purpose of the Study<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">5</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503517">1.4 Research Objectives<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">5</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503518">1.5 Research Questions<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">6</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503519">1.6 Research Hypothesis<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">6</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503520">1.7 Significance of the Study<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">6</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503521">1.8 Scope of the Study<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">7</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503522">1.9 Assumptions of the Study<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">7</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503523">1.10 Limitations of the Study<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">7</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503524">1.11 Theoretical Framework<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">7</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503525">1.12 Operational Definition of Terms<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">9</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503526">CHAPTER TWO<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-weight: normal; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-weight: normal; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">11</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-weight: normal; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></b></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503527">2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">... </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">11</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503528">2.1 Introduction<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">11</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503529">2.2.1 The Department of Quality Assurance and Standards<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">12</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503530">2.2.2 Role of Inspections for Quality Assurance in Kenya<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">13</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503531">2.3.1 Secondary School Teaching Strategies<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">15</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503532">2.4 Role of HODs in Internal Curriculum supervisions<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">16</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503533">2.5 Effect of School Inspection on School Academic Performance<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">18</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503535">2.6 Challenges in Effective Internal School Curriculum Supervision<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">20</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503536">2.7 Summary<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">22</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503537">CHAPTER THREE<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-weight: normal; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-weight: normal; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">23</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; font-weight: normal; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></b></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503538">3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">23</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503539">3.1 Introduction<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">23</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503540">3.2 Location of the Study<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">23</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503541">3.3 Research Design<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">23</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503542">3.4 Target Population<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">24</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503543">3.5 Sampling for the Study<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">24</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503544">3.6 Data Collection<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">24</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503545">3.6.1 Research Instruments<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">24</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503546">3.6.2 Validity of Research Instruments<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">25</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503547">3.6.3 Reliability of the Research Instruments<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">25</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503548">3.6.4 Administration of Research Instruments<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">26</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503549">3.7 Data Analysis<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">26</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503550">APPENDICES<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">31</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503551">APPENDIX I - WORK PLAN<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">31</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503552">ACTIVITY<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">31</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503553">PERIOD<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">31</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503554">APPENDIX II - BUDGET PLAN<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">32</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503555">APPENDIX III – HOD’s QUESTIONNAIRE<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">33</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoToc1" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc290503556">APPENDIX III – INTERVIEW SCHEDULE<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">37</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"></span></b></div></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503512"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CHAPTER ONE</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503513"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.0 INTRODUCTION</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503514"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.1 Background of the Study</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">The overall educational policy of the government of Kenya is to achieve education for all (Moest, 2008).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The priority is to ensure equitable access and improvement in quality and efficiency at all levels of education.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ultimate goal is to develop an all inclusive and quality education that is accessible and relevant to all Kenyans for self-reliance (Sifuna, 2003).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is guided by the understanding that good education can contribute significantly to economic growth, improved employment prospects and income generating opportunities for sustainable development.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">To ensure quality of education is maintained in various parts of the world, certain bodies are set up by the governments and stakeholders (Dick, 1996). In Europe, for example, the Bergen Conference of European Ministers Responsible for Higher Education 19-20 May 2005 adopted Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European high school and Higher Education Area (Dick, 1996). The complete set of standards and guidelines are given in the (European Quality Assurance) ENQA report Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area (Dick, 1996). The body is charged with ensuring quality assurance (internal quality assurance, external quality assurance and standards for external quality assurance agencies) in education at all education levels such as policy and procedures for quality assurance; approval, monitoring and periodical review of programmes and awards; assessment of students; quality assurance of teaching staff; learning resources and student support; internal quality assurance procedures and external quality assurance procedures (Diamond, 2007). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">In Kenya, quality assurance is done by a department in the ministry of education formally referred to as the Inspectorate but now called</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"> “The <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Department of Quality Assurance and Standards”(Moest, 2009).<b><i> </i></b>This department is charged with the responsibility of </span></span><span style="color: black;">Ensuring that there is standardization of education throughout the Republic, Carrying out various types of inspections of schools and colleges namely: </span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Routine/advisory inspection,</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Panel inspection, Subject inspections</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: black;">Mass inspection (e.g. Presidential Trophy Awards)Special inspection– school registration, School mass indiscipline,</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Public examination centre, Recognition and registering of schools (Saitoti, 2003). Other responsibilities include: </span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">Providing</span><span style="color: black;"> advisory and consultancy services pertaining to the design, development, implementation and evaluation of the curriculum, Organizing the final Practical Teaching in both Primary Teacher Education and Diploma Colleges: Producing and disseminating teaching and learning resources, Carrying out research as it undertakes comparative observations of various trends of curriculum (Ofsted, 2005). The department has to</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black;">liaise with Kenya National Examinations Council to assess all levels of education in schools and colleges and participating in moderating and marking of examinations. It has to collaborate with Kenya Institute of Education in designing, planning and implementing all curricula for Pre-primary, Primary, Secondary and Teacher Education. The department has three main bodies namely The Quality Assurance body, The Kenya National Examination Council and the Kenya Institute of Education (Galabawa, 2003).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Little is known about the role of heads of department in quality assurance and standards supervision (Kinyanjui and Ogula, 2008).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Research shows that </span><span style="color: black;">internal curriculum supervision done in a rich environment promotes change and effectiveness in the teaching-learning process. Research says supervised learning technologies in general have positive effects on student achievements in all subject areas, improve achievement of high aptitude learners, assist the teaching and learning of students with special needs, produce positive effects on attitudes toward learning, help teachers in the use of technology more effectively to enhance learning of their students, improve students' attitudes and motivation, improve students' team work and help develop higher order thinking skills (Okumbe, 1999; Olembo, 2002; Sifuna, 2003; Saitoti, 2003; Ofsted, 2005). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black;">Previous researchers have suggested that a number of factors contribute to the establishment of quality education in schools. For example, Digolo (2003), and Olembo (2002) observed that the maintenance of factors such as curriculum, instructional materials, equipment, school management, teacher training and resources are some of the indicators of quality education. In addition, Wekesa (2009) reported that low performance could be attributed to inadequate finance which resulted to inadequate supply of teaching and learning materials and equipment. Olembo (2002) also suggested that provision of quality education requires that heads of departments be involved in translation of education policies and objectives into viable programmes within the school; while Wangari (2005) emphasized that on a daily basis heads of department have the responsibility to ensure that teachers implement the set curriculum.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black;">In order to support teaching and learning processes, Dick (1996) observed that the heads of department should ensure quality curricular supervision. Digolo (2003) suggested that the quality of heads of department is a relevant indicator of quality schools, and therefore underscored the importance of heads of department in curriculum supervision. Given this background, the aim of the current study is to investigate the role of heads of department in quality assurance and standards and the challenges they face in their attempts to provide quality education.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503515"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.2 Statement of the Problem</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The desire to provide quality education for all Kenyan children was one of the major objectives of the struggle for independence. The government is currently implementing measures to improve the quality of education in secondary schools. The Kenya Education Staff Institute is strengthening capacities of education managers and reviewing staffing norms in order to ensure the equitable distribution of teachers and thus improve on their utilization. The government is also providing in-service education for teachers in various subjects to enhance subject mastery, and rationalizing the curriculum with a view to reduce the workload on both students and teachers. Despite the efforts to provide quality education, the secondary sub-sector continues to face challenges that could compromise the quality of education provided. The current study sets out to investigate the role of heads of department in quality assurance and standards in public secondary schools in Githunguri district. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black;">One indicator of quality education is evidenced by the performance of schools in the national examination outcomes (Saitoti, 2003). In Githunguri district found in Kenya, examination performance has long remained poor especially when compared to the neighboring Thika and Kiambu districts. The expected maximum mean score is 12 the equivalent of grade A, while the minimum score is 1 the equivalent of grade E. The performance of Githunguri district in national examinations in 2004 -2009 was averagely a mean score of 4 the equivalent of D+ which is considered a failure because the graduates of this grade cannot be admitted in most careers for further education and training. From the literature reviewed, no research on quality assurance and standards has been conducted in this district to find out why the quality of education has remained low.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black;">Performance in national examinations in secondary schools in Githunguri district is poor. The performance of the district in national examinations between the years 2004-2009 lies in the bottom 25% of schools in Central province. Poor performance has persisted despite the fact that the schools in the District are assumed to be having adequate and well-trained teachers, fairly well qualified pupils from primary schools, trained and qualified head teachers. The reasons for poor performance cannot be easily discerned without focused investigation. Surveys on examination performance have shown that a majority of schools which display good results each year have adequate facilities and good human resources. Certainly, the same cannot be said of Githunguri district where about 35% of the schools perform well while the others perform dismally. What is the cause for this difference in performance between the schools? Is it that the schools that perform better have effective heads of departments? What is the role of supervision of HODs on ensuring quality assurance and standards? The study seeks to provide answers to such questions. Schools will be grouped into high performing, medium performing and low performing strata’s. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Available evidence (Ofsted, 2005) however shows that some schools go for as long as two to three years without being inspected. Also, rarely do heads of departments supervise curriculum effectively in their departments. This has been the case in Githunguri district, with most schools going for as long as five years without government supervision. Additionally, the inspection process would need more personnel with adequate training. This scenario added to the deteriorating performance of schools in Githunguri district makes this study a step towards realizing quality education through effective quality assurance and standards supervision by heads of departments. In a study conducted in Uasin Gishu District, it was found out that schools which were rarely inspected performed poorly in national examinations (Wangari, 2005). There have been intervention measures taken to curb deteriorating performance in Mathematics and sciences. They include SMASSE for mathematics and the three sciences as well as equipping of laboratories by the ministry of education. Currently, the ministry of education through SMASSE is carrying out a sensitization programme aimed at creating awareness among principals on the importance of SMASSE and eventual improvement of performance in mathematics and sciences. There was also the TSC incentive programme given to mathematics and science teachers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite all this interventions, performance of mathematics and sciences continue to drag. What could be the cause for this continued poor performance despite the myriad interventions aimed at mathematics and sciences? </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black;">With the persistent poor academic performance in the district, there is a need to identify strategies which can be laid down by heads of departments as in their role as Quality Assurance agents in their respective departments in order to bring about improved performance in national examinations. This study, therefore seeks to find out the role of heads of department in quality assurance and standards and possible strategies that could be put in place to provide quality education in Githunguri District.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503516"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1.3 Purpose of the Study</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The main purpose of this study will be to investigate the role of heads of department in quality assurance and standards in public secondary schools in Githunguri district. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503517"><span style="color: black;">1.4 Research Objectives</span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black;">The main purpose of this study will be to.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">To find out the supervisory methods employed by heads of department in public secondary schools.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">To find out the teaching and learning methods used in public secondary schools.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">To find out the challenges experienced by heads of department in ensuring quality assurance and standards in public secondary schools.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">To provide suggestions that will help heads of department in ensuring quality assurance and standards in public secondary schools.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503518"><span style="color: black;">1.5 Research Questions</span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black;">The study will be based on the following research questions:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">What are the supervisory methods employed by heads of department in public secondary schools?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">What are the teaching and learning methods used in public secondary schools?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">What are the challenges experienced by heads of department in ensuring quality assurance and standards in public secondary schools?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">What suggestions can help heads of department in ensuring quality assurance and standards in public secondary schools?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503519"><span style="color: black;">1.6 Research Hypothesis</span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black;">The following null hypothesis will be tested in the study:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">H01:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> There is no relationship between supervisory methods used by HODs and quality <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>assurance and standards in public secondary schools. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503520"><span style="color: black;">1.7 Significance of the Study</span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">The findings are expected to provide schools in Githunguri District, Ministry of Educational Planners and KIE with a better understanding of the important role of HODs in quality assurance and standards supervision in public secondary schools.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The impact of effective supervision of quality assurance and standards in public secondary schools especially with a follow up by heads of departments will be clarified.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503521"><span style="color: black;">1.8 Scope of the Study</span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">The study will confine itself to the activities of the heads of departments in quality assurance and standards supervision in the secondary schools of Githunguri District. The quality assurance and standards supervision in the last five years will also be examined. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503522"><span style="color: black;">1.9 Assumptions of the Study</span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black;">The study is based on the following assumptions:</span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;">That the researcher will get permission from the Githunguri District DEOs office to carry out the study.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;">That secondary school head teachers in the selected schools will allow the researcher to carry out the study.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;">That the respondents will respond to the questionnaire in an honest manner and provide information that will be useful for the study.</li>
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</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503523"><span style="color: black;">1.10 Limitations of the Study</span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">The concept of quality assurance and standards supervision by HODs is under emphasized as a compulsory part of the curriculum implementation process. However, head teachers have recognized that it is an invaluable tool in achieving competitive edge over other schools. The study findings will form a conceptual basis upon which such a requirement can be hinged so as to apply in all secondary schools in developing countries where they do not exist. It may however be difficult to apply to institutions of higher learning where quality assurance is often in-built in the curriculum design.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503524"><span style="color: black;">1.11 Theoretical Framework</span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">This study will be guided by Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development advanced in 1964. Piaget’s theory emphasize that effective curriculum supervision translate abstract concepts into concrete facts enhancing performance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Piaget's theory expounded by <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Wadsworth</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"> (1984) asserts that children's mental constructs are developed through their </span>experiences in their environment. The theory holds that, the cognitive structure develops valiantly or sequentially and interactively from the concrete to the more <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">abstract one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this study the researcher expects that the curriculum set up should prepare the student from simple to complex nature and hence lead to improved performance in terms of grades attained, because a sequential process is followed.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Piaget's theory suggests that teaching methods and materials should be consistent with </span><span style="color: black;">children's levels of conceptual development. Active physical and mental interactions of <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">the child with the environment that permit construction are seen as the most important school related factors in cognitive development.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The act of constructing is the essence of intellectual development</span><span style="mso-font-width: 95%;">. Regarding school experiences and cognitive development, <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Piaget wrote:</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .25in; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">“Experience is always necessary for intellectual development. But I fear that we may fall into the illusion of being submitted to an experience that is sufficient for a subject to disengage the structure involved. But more than this is required. The subject must be active, must transform things and find the structure of his own actions on the objects (Piaget, 1964:4 in Wardworth 1984:195).”</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.2pt; margin-top: 15.6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">According to Piaget (1964), cognitive reorganization resulting from assimilation and </span><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">accommodation can come about only through the actions of the child. Thus actions, </span><span style="color: black;">physical or cognitive, must occur if cognitive reorganization is going to take place. <span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Piaget asserts that assimilation and accommodation of actions are always under internal </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">control (equilibration), and the reorganization of cognitive structures in a particular way, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">which can never be ensured by external organization of experience. Throughout the </span>stage of concrete operations, the manipulation of objects and materials, dealing with <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">concepts to be learned is most important.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During this stage, concrete experiences that </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">result in reflective abstraction generate conceptual development (Wadsworth, 1984).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this study the researcher recognizes the abstract nature of some subjects but appreciates curriculum developers effort in the introduction of integrated syllabus introduced in the year 2003. The researcher also appreciates a lot of effort that teachers make to make sure that their students understand whatever is being taught.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 21.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Piaget’s theory was applied to secondary school students because most of them are at the </span><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">critical stage of learning new concepts, which are as challenging to them as they are to </span><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">the young children in their new environment. Then, the theory blends itself well to the </span><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;">secondary school students who are experiencing some subjects that some teachers </span><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.2pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;">have claimed to be abstract (Kawoya 1988). For instance, in English literature, the unfamiliar setting of William Shakespeare’s text ‘Merchants of Venice’ is difficult to understand </span><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;">unless teaching aids are used. It is the responsibility of the teacher to organize the </span><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.05pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;">learning process to be more meaningful to the learner as espoused by Wadsworth </span><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.85pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;">(1984):</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.5pt; margin-right: 1.05in; margin-top: 26.15pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">"Most Piagetians believe that school experiences can have an impact on children's acquisition of knowledge if teaching practices are brought in line with children's ways of learning… Most Piagetians agree that teachers can help facilitate cognitive development, but most argue for an enrichment approach that permits children to solidify and generalize the knowledge they have (Wadsworth, 1984:197).”</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.9pt; margin-top: 15.6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">This observation calls upon the teacher to use among other things instructional materials to enable the learner make meaning out of the concepts he/she learns. A teacher who conceptualizes intelligence as developing may be motivated to help the poor performer by use of instructional resources. How teachers conceptualize learning will influence their actions. Teachers' expectations of how children can perform in the classroom are derived from their conceptualizations. Teachers' expectations are communicated to students and these affect their achievement. How teachers conceptualize learning and how each organizes the instructional process, has a lot to do with how much is learned and who learns in their classrooms. Therefore, teachers' perception of learning will depend on the attitude held. All this activities are aided by a well organized head of department through quality assurance and standards supervision at the department level. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.9pt; margin-top: 15.6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">This theory will be applied in this present study on the basis of its function and utility in predicting behaviour as well as its persuasive power, logic and novelty. </span></div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503525"><span style="color: black;">1.12 Operational Definition of Terms</span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black;">The following terms will be used in the study to convey the meaning shown: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Quality Assurance and Standards Department: </span></b><span style="color: black;">This department is a department in the Ministry of Education Science and Technology charged with the establishment, maintenance and improvement of standards of education in the Kenyan schools and colleges. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; text-indent: -2.5in;"><b><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Secondary Education:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: black;">Secondary Education is the four years of formal schooling</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-indent: -2.5in;"><b><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.25pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: black;">that follows eight years of primary education in the 8-4-4 education system in Kenya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0in;"><b><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;">Supervision:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;">This is a process that entails watching; keeping a check, monitoring or making sure curriculum implementation is done efficiently and effectively.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;">Teaching: </span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>This is the act of a person deliberately imparting <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>knowledge, concepts, skills and <span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">attitudes to a student during <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>a lesson (using various approaches). </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.55pt;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0in;"><b><span style="color: black;">Curriculum:</span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Values, traditions, factors and forces that influence the kind, quality and quantity of experience the schools offers its learners. The subjects, which the learners study at a particular school or learning institution.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: black;">Inspection:</span></b><span style="color: black;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Visits to schools for checking on facilities, equipment, <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>administration and the actual teaching by the individual <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>teachers.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503526"></a><a href="" name="_Toc169095841"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580842"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580126"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607028"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580126;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580842;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc169095841;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503526;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">CHAPTER TWO</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"></span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503527"></a><a href="" name="_Toc169095842"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580843"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580127"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607029"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580127;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580843;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc169095842;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503527;"><span style="color: black;">2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503528"></a><a href="" name="_Toc169095843"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580844"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580128"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607030"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580128;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580844;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc169095843;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503528;"><span style="color: black;">2.1 Introduction</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">This chapter contains literature review on the role of heads of department in quality assurance and standards in public secondary schools in Githunguri district. Literature will be collected from theses, books, ministry documents, education management and leadership journals and the internet. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">2.2 Quality Assurance in Education</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Quality Assurance (QA) can be simply defined as a system to support performance according to standards (Bell, 2002). It implies a systematic way of establishing and maintaining quality improvement activities as an integral and sustainable part of systems or in learning institutions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the education system, this includes all activities that contribute to the design, assessment, monitoring of standards agreed upon by all stakeholders and improving quality of service delivery, client satisfaction and effective utilization. In most cases, managers and supervisors tend to limit the standards to professional or technical ones, but in social services, client focused or “customer service” standards are very important determinants of utilization of the services, (Feldman 2005). In a competitive environment quality assurance (QA) is an important topic for everyone who is involved in education: the academic staff, the students, as well the taxpayers. QA, in higher education, refers to a series of review procedures designed to safeguard academic standards and promote learning opportunities for students (Davies, 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Quality Assurance clearly emerged as a principal business methodology in the Western world throughout the 1950's and in the early 1960's (Wood, 2007). It was developed first in the business sector because, as everybody knows, commercial success depends on it. The need to maximize profit in a competitive environment requires that costs are reduced and sales increased. On the other hand it is well known that the best way to increase sales is to have a product or service that is in demand and of high quality at an affordable price. In a clear contrast, over the same period, quality was not of concern to the higher education sector. Why was that? Because for a long period of time, higher education was seen as an essential public good for which abundant government funding was required and guaranteed, (<span class="citation">Thareja, 2007).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">The management of education is a reserved ministry in the government (Saitoti, 2003). The department of quality assurance in the ministry is charged with the responsible of ensuring quality education in Kenya. Kenya institute of education (KIE) is responsible for the development of the national curriculum, which ensures that our national goals are achieved while the inspectorate department is in charge of implementation and supervision of the curriculum while the Kenya national examinations council (KNEC) assesses the curriculum based on set objectives and good performance at KCSE signifies quality education. Therefore the KNEC acts as an assessor to the efforts of the curriculum supervisors, and good performance shows the effectiveness of curriculum supervision. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503529"></a><a href="" name="_Toc169095846"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580847"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580131"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607033"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580131;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580847;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc169095846;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503529;"><span style="color: black;">2.2.1 The Department of Quality Assurance and Standards</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black;">The department of Quality Assurance and Standards (inspectorate) is a department of the Directorate (MOEST, 2005). The Chief Inspector of Schools (CIS) heads the department. This department is the professional arm of the Ministry of Education Science and Technology charged with the establishment, maintenance and improvement of standards of education in the Kenyan schools and colleges (Unterhalter, 2003). Through interaction with the schools and institutions, the department collects the necessary data and information and informs the Ministry on the trends in standards and achievements in the education institutions within Kenya (Galabawa, 2003).</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The department was initially referred to as the <b><i>“the Inspectorate”. </i></b>It is now referred to as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b><i>“Department of Quality Assurance and Standards”. </i></b>This demonstrates the importance the Government of Kenya is placing on issues of quality education (Ofsted, 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">The ‘mission’ of the Department of Quality Assurance and Standards is to establish, maintain and improve educational standards in the country (MOEST, 2005). Its ‘vision’ is to provide quality assurance feedback to all educational stakeholders on all educational institutions in Kenya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the mission and vision statements of this department, it is clear that it is a very central department in the provision of quality assurance in education.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">The Department of Quality Assurance and Standards is mandated to co-ordinate, follow-up and advice on curriculum delivery at school-level (MOEST, 2005). The <i>Education Act Cap 211 of 1968 </i>did not extend its work to technical and vocational education and training (TIVET) institutions that are at the school level, thus excluding a vital component of education and training (Olembo, 2002). However, the Department of Quality Assurance and Standards has now been given this mandate but needs the legal provision to do so. The staff in the department is expected to supervise and advise curriculum implementers. In order to carry out their duties, therefore, they should have good academic qualifications, specialized skills and well-established staff development programmes. This enable them keep pace with the changes in the education sector.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503530"></a><a href="" name="_Toc169095847"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580848"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580132"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607034"></a><a href="" name="_Toc133904374"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc141607034;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580132;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580848;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc169095847;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503530;"><span style="color: black;">2.2.2 Role of Inspections for Quality Assurance in </span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503530;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc169095847;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580848;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580132;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc141607034;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc133904374;"><span style="color: black;">Kenya</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Currently the purposes of inspections are prompted by the following factors: Agreed inspection plans and work programmes at national, province, district, division or zonal levels; Inspectors’ personal initiatives; Adverse reports or anonymous correspondence from stakeholders and governors asking for inspection; Follow-up inspection from concerns indicated in previous inspection reports (MOEST, 2005). The purpose of these inspections would be to have an overview of the quality of education in Kenya based on agreed ‘All Round Performance’ indicators of the performance (Benchmarks) of an educational institution (Saitoti, 2003). The aim would be to report back in full to the educational institution, so that it can plan effectively to improve the standards of education that are being offered to their students.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">2.3 Teaching and Learning Methods in Secondary Schools</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">According to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Times;">Brown & Rutherford (2005), t</span><span style="color: black;">eaching secondary school requires a variety of teaching methods to address different learning levels, styles and intelligence of secondary school students. Some of the most important teaching methods for secondary school include proper classroom management, motivation and a welcoming classroom environment, plus a curriculum and activities that address a multitude of learning styles. They further suggest the following teaching and learning methods to enrich the teaching and learning environment in secondary schools (Brown and Rutherford, 2005).<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Environment and Motivation:</span></i><b><span style="color: black;"> </span></b><span style="color: black;">A classroom environment should promote equality, diversity and independent learning (Ibid, 2005). Environments that promote equality allow secondary school students to feel safe and secure in their own skins, which allows them to open up and participate more in learning activities. Diverse classroom environments give students a sense of uniqueness and exposes students to different cultures without social stigmas and prejudices. A classroom that promotes independent learning allows students to take pride in their accomplishments and instills a desire for knowledge. When coupled with the classroom environment, motivation allows secondary students to continue learning and take an interest in their progress.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Learning Styles</span></i><b><span style="color: black;">: </span></b><span style="color: black;">Secondary school teachers should create lessons that address all three of the basic learning styles: auditory, visual and kinesthetic. Auditory learners learn by hearing the concept explained, visual learners learn by seeing the concept demonstrated and kinesthetic learners learn by physically interacting with the concept. Addressing each student's learning needs engages students in the lesson and promotes better memory retention and advancement. This teaching method is also an effective way to calm an active class and channel its energy into a productive result (Ibid, 2005). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Classroom Management:</span></i><b><span style="color: black;"> </span></b><span style="color: black;">The goal of classroom management techniques is to promote a safe, productive and organized classroom. Good management keeps the teacher in control of the classroom and keeps students paying attention. Some suggested methods include picking students' names out of a hat so not one student feels picked on and more are likely to participate, flashing lights on and off to grab students' attention or signal the end of an activity or having the students turn their desks toward the back of the classroom when there are behavioral issues so the teacher can see everything they are doing. These teaching methods keep classrooms in control and allow the teacher to focus on learning instead of behavioral problems (Ibid, 2005).</span></div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503531"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503531;"><span style="color: black;">2.3.1</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503531;"><span style="color: black;"> Secondary School</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503531;"><span style="color: black;"> Teaching Strategies</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Classroom Management:</span></i><b><span style="color: black;"> </span></b><span style="color: black;">Set the tone early on. Communicate expectations to your students, both in what it takes to be successful academically, as well as behaviorally (Davies, 2005). Be specific, fair and consistent with your students and they will respect you. By high school, most students should have acquired some self-control skills, and a minimal number of rules should suffice. Present a positive attitude and begin each day as an opportunity for a fresh start---don't carry over previous days' issues. Use humor when faced with a trying or difficult situation. Use redirection if two students are talking; involve them with a question or the discussion. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lesson Plans:</span></i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Prepare your daily lesson plans; be organized (Wood, 2007). Downtime in the classroom can cause chaos and become disruptive. Structure your lesson plans so that they include teacher-directed learning and student-directed learning. This allows students to use their knowledge and develop complex reasoning. Present your lesson as a problem to be solved. Connect the problem with the context of the student's world and experiences. You can relate events in history to something current today or use the lyrics from a popular song to convey a message.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Engage Students:</span><span style="color: black; display: none; mso-hide: all;">group of friends image by Dmitri MIkitenko from </span><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.fotolia.com/"><span style="color: black; display: none; mso-hide: all;">Fotolia.com</span></a><span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;">Group work teaches collaboration (Dick, 1996). Keep the flow of learning vibrant <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and engaging. Design your daily lessons so that they provide for real involvement and interaction. When students are actively engaged, not mere vessels of stuffed information, they see the relevance in what they are learning and develop problem solving skills in a meaningful way. Alternate your class time between lectures, discussions and debates. Depending upon the subject area you teach, assign small groups to work on a project. This keeps all students actively involved, contributing and vital to the lesson. It also teaches collaboration. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Integrated Curriculum:</span></i><b><span style="color: black;"> </span></b><span style="color: black;">Teaming with another subject's teacher, you may be able to integrate learning across subject areas (literature and history or science and math) (Bell, 2002). If students are studying a particular period in history, combine this with a piece of literature set during the same time period. If students are conducting scientific research, tailor math lessons to statistical problem solving. When students see correlations, they attach meaning to their learning. A particular project may be worked on in both classes. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Self-Fulfilling Prophecies:</span></i><b><span style="color: black;"> </span></b><span style="color: black;">Believe in your students and let them know you believe in them---collectively and one on one. If your attitude is one that students, or a particular student, won't be successful, the kids will attach themselves to that belief. A show of confidence, facilitating their own attitudes of success and accomplishment, will bring untold rewards to both you and your students (Almeida, Alvaro and Meria, 2007). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503532"><span style="color: black;">2.4 Role of HODs in Internal Curriculum supervisions</span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">The Head of Department in Internal Curriculum supervisions is a pivotal figure in the success of a school (Saitoti, 2003). She/he is the chief professional in the subject area and is expected to set a positive, enthusiastic lead and to be an example of good practice, to be followed by the department. Heads of Department are directly responsible for the standard of teaching and the quality of learning that takes place in their subject and are answerable to the Head for this. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">They have various roles in the schools some of which include (Okumbe, 1999): </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">To keep abreast of new curriculum thinking, teaching methods, examination syllabuses, textbooks and other resources and to ensure that relevant information is communicated to members of the department and acted upon. They also have to support the Head in implementing Performance Management.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">To observe each member of department teach twice each academic year. This is important in order to establish the dormant members of the departments in the schools.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They also establish and revise regularly, written aims, objectives, syllabuses and schemes of work for the department. Schemes of work should include guidelines on teaching method, as well as content.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">The Heads of department also have a role to set high standards of work in his/her subject area and to ensure that the department is working to those standards. this also entails him/her to establish a high quality teaching and learning environment in his/her subject area and to support staff to ensure that there is a high standard of behaviour and discipline in the teaching area</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">They also have to review examination results in the light of prior attainment to identify strengths and areas for development in the department and report on external examinations for the Governing body in order to asses if the performance in schools is improving or declining. By this they promote enthusiasm, openness to new ideas, commitment and a happy and homogenous departmental team.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">The head of departments have to work closely with the Special Needs department to ensure all students have equal access to the curriculum. They also have to identify strengths and area of development with colleagues, providing outlets for strengths and offer guidance and training for developmental areas so that teachers within the department continue to improve their professional skills</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">To assist with the selection of teaching staff for their department after which they allocate staff to classes and pupils to teaching groups this helps to ensure that classroom assistants and learning support assistants are utilized to the maximum benefit of students</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">To establish, in consultation with the Deputy Head and other Heads of Department where relevant, timetables for student and teachers. This will help to assist the students and teachers in their professional development</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">The Heads of Department hold weekly briefing meetings with the department and formal meetings with agendas and action minutes according to the calendar. Members of departments should be encouraged to table agenda items so that matters of concern to them can be discussed and action taken in addition to holing meetings, they attend Board of Studies meeting according to the Calendar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">To arrange for such tests, assessments and examinations as required by school policy. This important to assess the performance of students in high school.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In these days of Information and Technology, the Heads of Department have to develop the use of ICT within the department to improve students learning and ensure sustained academic progress</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">The heads of department also draw up a departmental marking policy designed to inform pupil and parents, to encourage better work and to reward where appropriate and ensure these are implemented by all members of department by regular monitoring and evaluation. They also draw up a departmental homework policy within school guidelines and ensure these are implemented by all members of the department by regular monitoring and evaluation.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">They manage the allocated Capitation to ensure maximum pupil progress is attained.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">To keep the Head teacher/principal fully informed of departmental developments, projects for the future and revise, monitor and evaluate departmental development plans annually.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They also provide such reports on their departments as may be required by the Governors or the Head.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">In some schools, the Head of Department have to establish inventories of all books and equipment held by the department, to institute an annual stock check and to ensure that lists of resources are available to members of the department. This helps to contribute to the formulation and to co-operate in the implementation of school policies.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503533"></a><a href="" name="_Toc169095854"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580855"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580139"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607041"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580139;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580855;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc169095854;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503533;"><span style="color: black;">2.5 Effect of School Inspection on School Academic Performance</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 1.7pt; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">It is generally agreed that the most important manifestations of schooling quality (however and in whichever way defined) are literacy, greater cognitive abilities and better student performance in examinations (Bell, 2002). Internationally, pupil scores have been accepted and used as a proxy for achievement (Feldman, 2005). Dick (1996), Digolo (2003), Davies (2005) among others, demonstrate that school inspection enhances better performance in examinations.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Two observations could be made regarding KCSE examinations performance in Kenya. First is the general decline in performance. Second is that science subjects tend to register lower scores than the non-science subjects (Olembo, 2002). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Data presented in table 1 reveals a consistent decline in examination performance in all schools without internal curricula supervision compared to those that have internal curricula supervision. In an analysis of KCSE performance from three schools with supervision and three schools without internal curriculum supervision over a three-year period (Table 1), Ofsted conclude that secondary school students absorb less than a third of the material taught and that supervision no doubt enhances better and improved performance.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503534"></a><a href="" name="_Toc290503422"></a><a href="" name="_Toc169095855"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503422;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503534;"><span style="color: black;">Table 1.1: Mean scores on KCSE exams (as percent of maximum possible scores), 2007 – 2009 for six secondary schools in Kakamega district</span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black;">Subject</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black;">2007*</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black;">2007</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black;">2008*</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black;">2008</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black;">2009*</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black;">2009</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.2in;" valign="top" width="115"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">English</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Mathematics</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Physics</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Chemistry</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Biology</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">History</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">29.6</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">14.2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">36.0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">42.9</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">37.2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">55.8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">28.5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">13.6</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">34.5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">42.3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">36.3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">55.0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">30.9</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">16.0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">38.2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">44.3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">39.3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">57.7</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">28.3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">13.5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">34.2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">40.0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">34.3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">52.3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">35.8</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">20.4</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">44.5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">47.6</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">43.9</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">59.2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">26.2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">11.9</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">32.9</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">38.3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">32.6</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">49.2</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Source: Ofsted (2010)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>*Have supervision of internal curricula </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black;">This poses the challenge of improving examination performance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Exam scores have been used as a proxy of pupil achievement and therefore of the quality education. The Kenyan education system therefore stands indicted on the basis of these analyses. As a matter of priority, the ministry should initiate a program aimed at strengthening the supervision of internal curriculum.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">The table clearly depicts an overall improvement in all schools with internal curriculum supervision compared to those without, which continue posting poor results. Therefore there is an urgent need to introduce internal curricula supervision to all schools for better and improved performance. Heads of department supervision is one aspect of this internal curriculum supervision. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503535"></a><a href="" name="_Toc169095856"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580856"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580140"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607042"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580140;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580856;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc169095856;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503535;"><span style="color: black;">2.6 Challenges in Effective Internal School Curriculum Supervision</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Curriculum developers at the Kenya Institute of Education are responsible for the formulation and development of curriculum materials. Each curriculum developer is responsible for a subject area. The curriculum developer has to design the syllabus, decide on the content and prepare textbooks and teacher’s guides. In conducting these activities, internal curriculum supervisors have to overcome a number of difficulties, such as the following (Ofsted, 2005):</span></div><h4 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">At the Implementation Level</span></i></h4><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">There is a need for strengthening a process of regular feedback from teachers on implementation.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">There are limited opportunities for curriculum developers.</span></div><h4 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">At the Evaluation Level</span></i></h4><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">There is a lack of regular interaction with teachers.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">There is a lack of regular feedback from teachers.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">In some instances, teaching is not geared to achieve curriculum objectives.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">In some instances, testing and examinations are not aligned with curriculum objectives.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Major challenges facing heads of department who are the main supervisors include;</span></div><div class="H4" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: body-text; page-break-after: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; layout-grid-mode: both; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">i) Curriculum Changes</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The frequent curriculum changes and innovation pose a number of challenges to the teacher. Objectives shift, content changes, resource widen and the teacher has to keep abreast with all these. Some of these changes can be a threat to a conservative teacher. </span></div><div class="H4" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: body-text; page-break-after: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; layout-grid-mode: both; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ii) Training</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">There is increasing need for review of the in-service programmes for the teacher to sharpen knowledge and skills. Only then can one function in the dynamic and ever changing environment.</span></div><div class="H4" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: body-text; page-break-after: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; layout-grid-mode: both; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">iii)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Interpersonal Relations</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">This is an area that is causing concern. Evidence has it that in many schools, teachers feel stressed by pressure of work and other factors. They also do not seem to relate well with each other. This area needs to be handled with care, caution and seriousness. How do you relate with peers, seniors and students? Do you have any fear or frustrations? Are you managing them well?</span></div><div class="H4" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: body-text; page-break-after: auto; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; layout-grid-mode: both; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">iv)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Disrespect and Indiscipline</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black;">Do the teachers respect the school programmes such as internal supervision by colleagues, HOD’s, Deputy head teacher or Principal? Is it not true that in some schools internal inspection has created delicate leadership balance? Evidence has it that in some cases it has been the nursery for mistrust, conflict and peer rejection (Ofsted, 2005). In such cases it has led to self-deception and marshalling of unprofessional mischievous defense mechanism. Among students there is increasing evidence of drug abuse, HIV/AIDS infection, emotional maladjustment and violence. These coupled with increased democratic space, demand for human and child rights, enlightened legal statutes and law against harassment tend to threaten the hitherto conservative authority of the teacher. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black;">What is still not known is whether HODs inspection has received wide spread acceptance in secondary schools in Kenya and how the teachers behave with regard to the implementation of such programs. Empirical data is also not available on the effectiveness of such programs and how they affect performance of the schools involved in such programs.</span></div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc169095857"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580857"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580141"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607043"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580141;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580857;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc169095857;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></span></a></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc141607043;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580141;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580857;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc169095857;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503536"><span style="color: black;">2.7 Summary</span></a></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Effective HODs supervision provides an independent internal evaluation of the effectiveness of a school in promoting the standards, personal development and well being of its learners, the quality of its provision and how well it is managed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is also designed to help schools improve the quality of education they provide and so raise standards and the progress that learners make in most schools on the performance data.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inspections should be designed to have a positive impact on schools performance. Relevant curriculum has been seen to improve performance as seen in the major review of curriculum in secondary schools in 2003, whereby performance has considerably increased due to reduced workload.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">In conclusion, it has noted that good academic performance does not just happen. Good teaching through inspection and internal supervision of curricula implementation causes it. An effective teacher knows the subject matter well and in depth, enjoys it and is confident in facilitating learning as his/her core business. Such a teacher is an effective and resourceful curriculum supervisor. It is only when learning experiences are well organized, monitored, managed and executed that one realizes good performance. This good performance is above all a result of proactive planning, anticipated futuristic reflection, which are basic to effective supervision. This study seeks to do exactly that. Investigate the role of heads of department in quality assurance and standards in public secondary schools. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503537"></a><a href="" name="_Toc258904668"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580858"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580142"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580858;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258904668;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503537;"><span style="color: black;">CHAPTER THREE</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503538"></a><a href="" name="_Toc258904669"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580859"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580143"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607044"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580143;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580859;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258904669;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503538;"><span style="color: black;">3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503539"></a><a href="" name="_Toc258904670"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580860"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580144"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607045"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580144;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580860;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258904670;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503539;"><span style="color: black;">3.1 Introduction</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoBodyText2"><span style="color: black;">This chapter describes the research design and research methodology to be employed in this study. This is set out in sections under subheadings containing research, study site, research design, target population, sampling for the study, data collection instruments and procedure and finally the data analysis and presentation methods to be used in the study.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc141607046"></a><a href="" name="_Toc290503540"></a><a href="" name="_Toc258904671"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580861"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580145"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580861;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258904671;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503540;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc141607046;"><span style="color: black;">3.2 </span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258904671;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503540;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc141607046;"><span style="color: black;">Location of the Study</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc141607046;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">The study will be carried out in Githunguri district<b> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in Kiambu county</span>. <a href="" name="_Toc159580862"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580146"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607569"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607047"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc141607569;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580146;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580862;">The economic activities of residents of Githunguri district includes; Cash crop farming – Coffee, Tea, Bananas, Maize.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Major food crop is Maize. Transport and Communication – Githunguri is fairly served with roads. </span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Schools and other learning institutions;<b> </b></span>Githunguri District has thirty (30) public secondary schools.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503541"></a><a href="" name="_Toc258904672"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580864"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580148"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607049"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580148;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580864;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258904672;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503541;"><span style="color: black;">3.3 Research Design</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">The study will employ a descriptive survey study where variables will be investigated without any manipulation or alteration and descriptive methodologies will be used in exploring the inter-relationships between the variables. Descriptive survey designs are used for exploratory studies (Paton, 2000). Mutai (2000) further notes that descriptive survey research is intended to produce statistical information about aspects of education that interest policy makers and educators. This is why the researcher chose this research design.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503542"></a><a href="" name="_Toc258904673"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580865"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580149"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607050"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580149;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580865;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258904673;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503542;"><span style="color: black;">3.4 Target Population</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">The study targets heads of departments in all secondary schools in Githunguri district numbering 30. School of which 30% will be sampled. The schools will be divided into stratas depending on the schools mean grade at the 2009 KCSE. Those schools with more than 5.0 mean grade will be categorized as Good academic performers” while those below 5.0 will be categorized as “poor academic performers” There are 11 secondary schools in Githunguri district whose mean score for the 2010 KCSE was over 5.0 and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>whose mean score was below 19.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503543"></a><a href="" name="_Toc258904674"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580866"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580150"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607051"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580150;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580866;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258904674;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503543;"><span style="color: black;">3.5 Sampling for the Study</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Purposive sampling will be used to select 30% of the schools in the District. The schools will be divided into strata’s depending on the schools mean grade at the 2009 KCSE: those schools with more than 5.0 mean grade will be categorized as “good academic performers” while those below 5.0 will be categorized as “poor academic performers”. The respondents for the study will be Heads of Departments in the selected schools. Heads of Departments will be sampled purposively each school.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503544"></a><a href="" name="_Toc258904675"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580867"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580151"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580867;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258904675;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503544;"><span style="color: black;">3.6 Data Collection</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoBodyText2"><span style="color: black;">This section presents the research instruments, the validation and reliability assurance of the research instruments and the data collection procedure. </span></div><h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503545"></a><a href="" name="_Toc258904676"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580868"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580152"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607052"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580152;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580868;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258904676;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503545;"><span style="color: black;">3.6.1 Research Instruments</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Both primary and secondary data will collect for the study. Secondary data will be obtained from district education offices records on the districts performance over the study period 2007 to 2009. Primary data will be obtained from schools heads and heads of departments. To do this structured questionnaires will be used; structured questions, when well designed are easy to be administered and collect data from a wide section of respondents in a relatively cheap process and short duration. This study will also utilize interview schedules with face–to-face and open-ended interview questions to collect data from respondents. </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503546"></a><a href="" name="_Toc258904677"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580869"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580153"></a><a href="" name="_Toc146804195"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580153;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580869;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258904677;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503546;"><span style="color: black;">3.6.2 Validity of Research Instruments</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">According to Mugenda and Mugenda (1999) validity refers to the accuracy and meaningfulness of inferences, which are based on the research results. It is the degree to which results obtained from the analysis of the data actually represent the phenomenon under study. Content validity of the instrument will be determined in two ways; first, the researcher discussed the items in the instrument with the supervisors, colleagues and other lecturers in the department. The advice given by these people will help the researcher determine the validity of the research instrument.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Piloting will be carried out establish the validity of the research instrument. For the research instrument to be considered valid, the content selected and included in the questionnaire must also be relevant to the variable being investigated Neuman (2000).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503547"></a><a href="" name="_Toc258904678"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580870"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580154"></a><a href="" name="_Toc146804196"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580154;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580870;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258904678;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503547;"><span style="color: black;">3.6.3 Reliability of the Research Instruments</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">According to Mugenda and Mugenda (1999), the reliability of an instrument is the measure of the degree to which a research instrument yields consistent results or data after repeated trials. In order to test the reliability of the instrument to be used in the study, the test- retest method will be used. The questionnaire will be administered twice within an interval of two weeks. To determine the coefficient of stability, Pearson product moment formula will be used. This will establish the extent to which the questionnaire elicits the same responses every time it is administered. A correlation coefficient of 0.5 will be considered reliable for the study.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">The results obtained from the pilot study will assist the researcher in revising the questionnaire to make sure that it covers the objectives of the study.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503548"></a><a href="" name="_Toc258904679"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580871"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580155"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607054"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580155;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580871;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258904679;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503548;"><span style="color: black;">3.6.4 Administration of Research Instruments</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Research assistants will be thoroughly trained both in interpretations of responses from respondents and also in the procedure of administration. They will then accompany the researcher in piloting and modifying the research instruments so that they comprehend fully the purposes and method of data collection. The research assistant will administer the questionnaires personally to the respondents. Interview schedule will be administered and relevant documents taken note of. The research assistants will personally interview the respondents guided by the questions in the interview schedule.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503549"></a><a href="" name="_Toc258904680"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580872"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159580156"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141607055"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580156;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159580872;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc258904680;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503549;"><span style="color: black;">3.7 Data Analysis</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Data will be analysed qualitatively. Descriptive methods will be employed and data presented in the form of frequency distribution tables and pie charts that will facilitate description and explanation of the study findings. SPSS will be used to generate frequency distribution tables. Chi-square tests will be done to test the association between supervisory methods employed by HODs and performance at KCSE level.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">The chi-square test shows whether a relationship exists but does not show the direction of the relationship. If a relationship will be established, the researcher will therefore proceed further to conduct a regression analysis in order to find out the direction and extent of the relationship.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">REFERENCES</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black;">Almeida, E., Alvaro, A., Meria, S. (2007). A Component quality assurance process. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Foundations of Software Engineering, doi: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1295074.1295093"><span style="color: black;">http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1295074.1295093</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black;">Bell</span><span style="color: black;">, L. (2002). <i>Managing teams in secondary schools. </i>(1sted.). London, UK: Chapman <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>& HallInc.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black;">Brown, M. & D. Rutherford (2005). A re-appraisal of the role of the head of departments <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>inUK secondary schools. <i>Journal of Educational Administration, 37</i>(3), 229-242.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black;">Davies, J.L. (2005). The training of academic heads of department. In Brew, A. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i>Directions in</i> <i>staff development</i>. (1St ed.) London, UK; The Society for Research <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>into Higher Education & Open University Press.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Diamond, R. M. (2007). "Designing and assessing courses and curricula: A practical <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>guide." San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. In press. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Dick, W. (1996). The Dick and Carey model: Will it survive the decade? "Educational <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Technology Research and Development," 44(3), 55-63. (EJ 532 854).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black;">Digolo OD (2003). Response to the paper entitled: “Education Sector Review: How far <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>have we come since independence and what still needs to be done to meet the <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>education needs of all Kenyans”. Paper presented in Education conference. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nairobi: Government Press.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black;">Feldman, S. (2005, February). Quality assurance: much more than testing. Queue, 3(1), <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>doi: <a href="http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1046931.1046943"><span style="color: black;">http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1046931.1046943</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">Galabawa, J. (2003) “Enhancing Efficiency, Improving Quality and Relevancy in Education and Training in Kenya” National Conference on Education and Training. pg 71 <a href="http://www.education.go.ke/"><span style="color: black;">www.education.go.ke</span></a> March, 2006.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">Kinyajui, P. And Ogula P. (2008). “Provision of Education and Training Services: Delivery Systems” National Conference on Education and Training.pg 74 <a href="http://www.education.go.ke/"><span style="color: black;">www.education.go.ke</span></a> March, 2008.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">MOEST, (2009) Education in Kenya: Challenges and Policy Responses (april 2009, presentation by Hon. Prof. Ongeri) <a href="http://www.education/"><span style="color: black;">www.education</span></a> .go.ke/moest.htm March.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">MOEST, (2008) “Sessional Paper No. --- of 2008 on a Policy Framework for Education, Training and Research in Kenya in the 21<sup>st</sup> century” <a href="http://www.education.go.ke/moestdocs/sessional"><span style="color: black;">www.education.go.ke/moestdocs/sessiona</span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Final draft January 28th 2008.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black;">Mugenda, A. & O. Mugenda (1999). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative</i> <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Approaches.</i> Nairobi: Acts Press.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="color: black;">Mutai, B.K. (2001).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>How to write standard dissertation: a systematic and simplified approach</u>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>New Delhi: Thelley Publishers.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black;">Neuman, W.L (2000). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative </i><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Approaches</i><u>.</u> Boston: Allyn and Bacon Publishers.</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: left; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ofsted, (2005) “Conducting the inspection- Guidance for Inspectors of schools”. Better Education and Care <a href="http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/"><span style="color: black;">www.ofsted.gov.uk</span></a> Document reference number :HMI 2502<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>April 2006.</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Okumbe, J.A. (1999). <i>Educational management: Theory and practice</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nairobi: Nairobi University Press.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black;">Olembo JO (2002). “Major Functions of school supervision in Kenya schools”. A paper <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>presented in Education Forum, Kenyatta University.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black;">Paton, M.Q (2002). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3<sup>rd</sup> Editio</i>n). London: <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Sage Publications.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="color: black;">Saitoti, G.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2003) “Education Sector Review: How Far Have We Come And What Still Needs To Be Done To Meet the Education Needs of All Kenyans”. National Conference on Education and Training.pg 50 <a href="http://www.education.go.ke/"><span style="color: black;">www.education.go.ke</span></a> March, 2006.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="color: black;">Sifuna, D. N (2003) “How Can The National Education And Training Structure Lead To The Attainment Of National Goals In Kenya?” National Conference on Education and Training. pg 67 <a href="http://www.education.go.ke/"><span style="color: black;">www.education.go.ke</span></a> March, 2006.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="citation"><span style="color: black;">Thareja, Mannu (2007). <a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1498550"><span style="color: black;">"The Quality Brilliance Thru’ Brilliant People"</span></a>. <i>Quality World</i> <b>4</b> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(2)</span></span><span class="printonly"><span style="color: black;">. <a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1498550"><span style="color: black;">http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1498550</span></a></span></span><span class="reference-accessdate"><span style="color: black;">. Retrieved <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2010-01-11</span></span><span class="citation"><span style="color: black;">.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="color: black;">Wangari, E.W (2005). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The effect of the inspectorate department visits to secondary school & utilization of instructional media in the English subject and performance at KCSE. </i>Unpublished D.Phil thesis, Moi University.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="color: black;">Wekesa, K.R. (2009).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Availability and use of instructional materials for teaching: a case of secondary schools in Mombasa District, Kenya</i>. (M.Phil. Thesis, Kenyatta University).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: black;">Wood, C.L., (2007). <i>The secondary school principal: Manager and supervisor</i>. (2<sup>nd</sup> ed.). <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Massachusetts, USA: Allyn & Bacon, Inc</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></h1><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503550"><span style="color: black;">APPENDICES</span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503551"></a><a href="" name="_Toc177531507"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503551;"><span style="color: black;">APPENDIX I - WORK PLAN</span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">This is about how long the investigator will take to finish the study. It is essential in that it enables the researcher to assess the feasibility of conducting the research within the scheduled time frame. It will also enable the researcher to stay on schedule as the research progresses.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td colspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503552"></a><a href="" name="_Toc177531508"></a><a href="" name="_Toc172438499"></a><a href="" name="_Toc171398243"></a><a href="" name="_Toc171325616"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159929147"></a><a href="" name="_Toc143491329"></a><a href="" name="_Toc143400825"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141870583"></a><a href="" name="_Toc134847219"></a><a href="" name="_Toc133119163"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc134847219;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc141870583;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc143400825;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc143491329;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159929147;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc171325616;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc171398243;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc172438499;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc177531508;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503552;"><span style="color: black;">ACTIVITY</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503553"></a><a href="" name="_Toc177531509"></a><a href="" name="_Toc172438500"></a><a href="" name="_Toc171398244"></a><a href="" name="_Toc171325617"></a><a href="" name="_Toc159929148"></a><a href="" name="_Toc143491330"></a><a href="" name="_Toc143400826"></a><a href="" name="_Toc141870584"></a><a href="" name="_Toc134847220"></a><a href="" name="_Toc133119164"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc134847220;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc141870584;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc143400826;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc143491330;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc159929148;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc171325617;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc171398244;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc172438500;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc177531509;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503553;"><span style="color: black;">PERIOD</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 27.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div align="center" class="MsoHeader" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Collecting the literature </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">May - July 2010</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 27.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div align="center" class="MsoHeader" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Writing research proposal</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">August 2010</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 27.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div align="center" class="MsoHeader" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proposal correction, piloting and defense</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoHeader" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sept – April 2011</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Data collection</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">May 2011</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Data analysis</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">June 2011 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.0pt;" valign="top" width="300"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Research report writing</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">July 2011</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 27.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.1in;" valign="top" width="298"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Submission of 1<sup>st</sup> draft to supervisors</span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.1in;" valign="top" width="298"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">August 2011</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 27.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.1in;" valign="top" width="298"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Submission of thesis for Examination</span></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.1in;" valign="top" width="298"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">September 2011</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr height="0"> <td style="border: none;" width="298"><br />
</td> <td style="border: none;" width="2"><br />
</td> <td style="border: none;" width="295"><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503554"></a><a href="" name="_Toc177531510"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503554;"><span style="color: black;">APPENDIX II - BUDGET PLAN</span></span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoBodyText3" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This is the list of items that will be required in carrying out the research and the approximate cost:</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">MATERIALS/SERVICES</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">AMOUNT (KSHS)</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Literature review and collection of secondary data</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">3000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Typesetting (proposal)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">2000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Copying and binding proposal</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">5000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Typing and copying research instruments</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">7000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Data collection – transport and subsistence</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">24000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Data analysis</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">2500</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Typing, editing and copies of research report for examination</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">6000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Defense of thesis</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">1000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Correction of final thesis, making copies and submission</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">5000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">Miscellaneous expenses</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;">8000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">TOTAL</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">63,500</span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503555"></a><a href="" name="_Toc273640258"></a><a href="" name="_Toc170367061"></a><a href="" name="_Toc170366839"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc170367061;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc273640258;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503555;"><span style="color: black;">APPENDIX III</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc273640258;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc290503555;"><span style="color: black;"> – HOD’s QUESTIONNAIRE</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"> </span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="border: solid navy 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid navy 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">This questionnaire is to collect data for purely academic purposes. The study seeks to investigate the role of heads of department in quality assurance and standards in selected public secondary schools in Githunguri District. All information will be treated with strict confidence. Do not put any name or identification on this questionnaire.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid navy 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid navy 1.5pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.5pt;">Answer all questions as indicated by either filling in the blank or ticking the option that applies</span></i><span style="color: black;">.</span></div></div><div class="H4" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="H4" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">SECTION A: GENERAL INFORMATION OF RESPONDENT</span></div><div class="MsoFooter" style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Please indicate</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Your age?________________ Years</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 251px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 5;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 71px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 1;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="color: black;">Gender</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;">Male<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Female<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Marital status</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 407px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 6;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 263px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 4;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 155px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 3;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 47px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 2;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="color: black;">Single<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Married<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Divorced<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Widowed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Highest level of Education and training attained.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 119px; margin-top: 24px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 9;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 311px; margin-top: 24px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 10;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 251px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 8;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 95px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 7;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Certificate<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Diploma<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bachelors Degree<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masters Degree<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Teaching experience</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 407px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 16;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 122px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 15;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="color: black;">0-5 years<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>5-10 years</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 408px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 18;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 129px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 17;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="color: black;">10- 15years<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Above 15years </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Number of years in current school. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 407px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 20;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 122px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 19;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="color: black;">0-3 years<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>4-6 years</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 408px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 22;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 129px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 21;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="color: black;">7-10 years<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Above 10 years </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Number of years in current position.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 407px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 12;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 122px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 11;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="color: black;">0-3 years<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>4-6 years</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 408px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 14;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 129px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 13;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="28" /></span><span style="color: black;">7-10 years<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Above 10 years </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="H4" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">SECTION B: SUPERVISORY METHODS OF HEADS OF DEPARTMENT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Are these the supervisory methods employed by heads of departments? Tick where appropriately</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 100.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.86%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.54%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">STATEMENT</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Strongly </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">disagree</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Disagree </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.08%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Neutral<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Agree </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Strongly agree </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.86%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">A</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.54%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Assist with the selection of teaching staff for their department.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.08%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.86%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">B</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.54%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Holding weekly briefing meetings with the department </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.08%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.86%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">C</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.54%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Keeping the head teacher/ principal fully informed of departmental developments</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.08%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.86%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">D</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.54%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Arrange for tests, assessments and examinations as required by school policy.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.08%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.86%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">E</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.54%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Manage the allocated capitation to ensure maximum pupil progress is attained</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.08%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.86%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">F </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.54%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Draw up a departmental marking policy designed to inform pupil and parents.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.08%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.86%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">G</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.54%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Establish inventories of all books and equipment held by department to institute an annual stock check.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.08%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">SECTION C: TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODS</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Are the following methods of teaching and learning used in public schools? Tick where appropriate.</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 100.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">STATEMENT</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Strongly </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">disagree</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Disagree </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Neutral<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Agree </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Strongly agree </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">A</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Proper classroom arrangement that promotes equality, diversity and independent learning</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">B</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Welcoming classroom environment that allows students to feel safe and secure</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">C</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Curriculum and activities that address a multitude of learning styles </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">D</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Classroom management that promotes a safe, productive and organized classroom.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">SECTION D: CHALLENGES OF HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE AND STANDARDS </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Are these challenges experienced by heads of departments? Tick where appropriate</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 100.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">STATEMENT</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Strongly </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">disagree</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Disagree </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Neutral<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Agree </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Strongly agree </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">A</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Frequent curriculum changes</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">B</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Training to sharpen knowledge and skills</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">C</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Interpersonal relations </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">D </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Disrespect to schools programs</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.4%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">E</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.7%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Indiscipline among students <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.36%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">SECTION E: SUGGESTIONS TO HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE AND STANDARDS</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">Can these suggestions help heads of department in ensuring quality assurance and standards in schools? Tick where appropriate</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 100.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.86%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.54%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">STATEMENT</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Strongly </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">disagree</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Disagree </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.08%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Neutral<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Agree </span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Strongly agree </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.86%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">A</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.54%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;">Observation of each member of a department teach twice per academic year</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.08%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.86%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">B</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.54%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Reviewing of examination results </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.08%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.86%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">C </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.54%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Work closely with the special needs department to ensure all students have equal access to the curriculum </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.08%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.86%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">D </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.54%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Set high standards of work in his/her subject area to ensure that the department is working</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.08%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.86%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">E</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.54%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">To keep abreast of new curriculum thinking, teaching methods, examination syllabuses, textbooks and other resources. </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.08%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.86%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">F</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.54%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">To keep abreast of new curriculum thinking, teaching methods, examination syllabuses, textbooks and other resources. </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.08%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.86%;" valign="top" width="4%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">G</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.54%;" valign="top" width="42%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Establish in consultation with the deputy head and other heads of department where relevant.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.86%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.08%;" valign="top" width="12%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.2%;" valign="top" width="8%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 10.72%;" valign="top" width="10%"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">5</span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">In your opinion, what are the ways to improve the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>role of heads of department in quality assurance and standards in selected public secondary schools in Githunguri District ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">END OF QUESTIONNAIRE</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Thank you for taking your time to fill it.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="_Toc290503556"><span style="color: black;">APPENDIX III – INTERVIEW SCHEDULE</span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">The following items will be used to guide the researcher during the interviewing process. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">What are the supervisory methods employed by heads of department in public secondary schools?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">What are the teaching and learning methods used in public secondary schools?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">What are the challenges experienced by heads of department in ensuring quality assurance and standards in public secondary schools?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;">What suggestions can help heads of department in ensuring quality assurance and standards in public secondary schools?</span></div><br />
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Contact 254721554737, EMAIL. MILLIONAREDOLLAR@YAHOO.COM</div>pesapayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02806498962570303245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859261729650591828.post-77433200369803897712011-05-29T02:44:00.000-07:002011-05-29T02:44:15.740-07:00ENVIRONMENTAL BUYING DECISIONS: A KENYAN PERSPECTIVE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<pre style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt;">ENVIRONMENTAL BUYING DECISIONS: A KENYAN PERSPECTIVE</span></b></pre><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">ABSTRACT</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The study aimed to assess the impact of environmental factors that determine the buying decisions among tertiary students in Kenya. This is because there have been concerns for the protection of the environment which has led scientists to study human behaviour in relation to environmental issues. Given this scenario there was a need to conduct such a study in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to: determine the environmental buying decisions made by tertiary students and to find out the socio-demographic factors that influence the buying decisions that tertiary students make.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The study employed both quantitative and inferential methodology to achieve the objectives and also test the hypothesis. The target population of the study was all the students at Strathmore University Madaraka campus, in Nairobi, Kenya and a sample of 203 respondents was drawn.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The study concluded that age is a key factor when making buying decisions regarding the issue of the environment. The results indicated that the more the older the person the more the individual will consider the environmental issues when making a decision to purchase an item</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">The study also noted that the decision to be environmentally conscious lies on an individual but not whether one is a man or a female. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The study also concluded that the level of income does not at all influence the buying decisions that people make. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Keywords:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"> environmental concern; purchase behaviour; </span></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">INTRODUCTION</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Introduction</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Environmental issues have stimulated research in the last few decades. Research exists on the impact of human behaviour on the environment, air pollution, climate change, water pollution and depletion of resources (Lehman & Gellar, 2004). A lot has also been written regarding the handling of solid waste, soil erosion and contamination loss of green space and species diversity (Lehman & Gellar, 2004). Concern for the protection of the environment has led scientists to study human behaviour in relation to environmental issues. Behavioural intervention or pro–environment behaviour has been proposed, setting targets and techniques to promote constructive behaviour towards the environment (Lehman & Geller, 2004). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">However the concern of marketers regarding environmental issues is to establish the impact that these have on consumer buying decisions. There is evidence in research that environmental concerns do affect consumer buying decisions (Hackett, 1992; Grunert-Beckmann et al., 1997; Kilbosrne and Beckmann, 1998). Companies are more sensitive towards environmental friendly goods and services (Schlossberg, 1992, Menon and Menon, 1997; Polonsky and Ottman, 1998) and consequently these companies have an interest in segmentation analysis to enable them to target their market of environmentally conscious consumers more effectively (Meffert and Bruhn, 1996; Prendergast and Thompson, 1997).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The impact of behaviour on the environment</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The earth’s population has been on the increase over the past 100 years from approximately 1.5 billion in 1900 to 6.3 billion in 2003 (Brown & Flavin, 1999; Cohen, 2003). The United Nations has projected that the world’s population will reach 8.9 billion by the year 2050 (United Nations, 2002). Though the earth’s carrying capacity is not well known, even with the current population, many practices are not sustainable, so that the consequences of our actions and the limited resources available will interfere with what the future generations will have to depend on (Lehman & Geller, 2004). Many of the products people use today are used and then discarded and this leads to the accumulation of waste and pollution of the environment.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Scholars have for a number of years successfully profiled consumers according to their environmental awareness (Schlegelmilch & Bohlen, 1996); for example some have measured environmental attitudes (Buttel, 1979), capturing individuals’ level of concern/interest regarding specific aspects of the environment. Other studies have looked at past, current and future or intentional commitment towards involvement in activities that aim at minimizing the negative impact on natural environment (Brooker, 1976). However, though a weak link between attitudes and behaviour has been noted (Gill et al., 1986; Rothschild, 1979), attitudinal components alone have failed to predict actual behaviour. More recently researchers have argued that in order to be ‘green’ individuals require an understanding of the consequences of their behaviour (Bohlen et al., 1993). The awareness of the negative impact that certain actions can have on the environment together with a sense of responsibility could lead to increased likelihood of recycling actions according to Schwart’s norm activation theory (Stern et al., 2005). The behaviour of the individual is driven by a personal norm, such as altruism, and this affects attitudes and actions towards the environment for example recycling (Stern et al., 2005; Vinig & Ebreo, 2002). The altruistic motivation stems from a real concern for the ‘common good’ rather than a perceived immediate personal benefit (Huge, Brodin & Anderson, 2008). This will include the good of society at large, the future generations and respect for natural environment. The altruistic behaviour then becomes the basis for sustained recycling activities (Huge Brodin &Anderson, 2008).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Scholars have generated studies on environment from different points of view, Kaiser, Wolfing and Fuhrer (1999), looked at environmental attitude as a predictor of ecological behaviour; Diamantopoulos, Schlegemilch, Sinkaovics & Bohlen (2003), explored whether socio demographics still have a role to play in profiling green consumers in which they paid some attention to the environmental consciousness of consumers. Lehman and Gellar (2004) analysed behaviour and environmental protection in which they looked closely at accomplishments and potential for more. Some studies have tried to link green behaviour with purchasing decisions as well as measures of environmental consciousness as Schelgelmilch & Diamantopoulos (1996). In their paper they explored variables specific to environmental consciousness to see if they were suitable for categorizing consumers’ green purchasing decisions. They measured environmental knowledge, attitudes and behaviour, a study they carried out among students in the UK. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Two types of consumer behaviour reflecting environmental concern have been identified by Bohlen, Schlegelmilch and Diamontopoulos (1993), namely purchasing and non-purchasing behaviour. These are reflected in Figure 1. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figure 1 A model of environmental concern behaviour</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Adapted from: Bohlen, Schlegelmilch and Diamontopoulos (1993)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Given the link between knowledge attitudes and behaviour, it is obvious that the type of outcomes may be influenced by country-specific factors such as levels and types of pollution, the existing legislation regarding environmental issues as well as the availability of green products which in turn affect the environmental consciousness construct and how it can be operationalized (Schelgelmilch & Diamantopoulos, 1996). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In Kenya a number of organizations have made efforts to take care of aspects of the environment. Campaigns for cleaning the rivers, planting trees, cleaning up facilities or estates are carried out from time to time and are generally well publicized by the media. The government has put a few laws in place to protect the environment. However there is a lack of a clear coordinated plan or policy to address environmental issues. This could be due to lack of sufficient exposure of people to the growing environmental problems consequently the population has not developed habits of taking care of the environment. There is no literature available on environmental buying decisions in the Kenyan market. This paper hopes to identify whether there is a relationship between the environmental concern/interest and buying decisions among tertiary students.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Research Objectives</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">A number of environmental protection initiatives have been implemented or considered in a number of communities. These are not very wide spread and they are limited to certain communities. Tertiary institutions by virtue of their access to young people (who may be more exposed to environmental concerns) are an ideal place to conduct research: The following research questions can then be posed:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">What are the environmental buying decisions made by tertiary students? </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">How do socio-demographic factors influence the buying decisions that tertiary students make?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The research objective for this specific project is to determine the environmental buying decisions made by tertiary students in the Kenyan context.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hypothesis</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Though studies using socio-demographics to determine their effect on environmental behaviour have yielded mixed results (Diamantopolous et al., 2003), we undertook this research in an effort to establish if there is any awareness of the need to conserve the environment and if this awareness has any influence on the buying decisions people are making in an emerging economy like Kenya. We have not found any published research in this area carried out in Kenya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">A number of hypotheses can be formulated for the project:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">H1: Customers who are older will exhibit more buying decisions based on environmental concerns</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">H2: Women exhibit more buying decisions based on environmental concerns</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">H3: Customers from middle income group exhibit more buying decisions based on environmental concerns</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">RESEARCH METHODOLOGY</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Use was made of a quantitative methodology. The research was of a descriptive design</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">whose aim was to conduct an initial exploration of the environmental issues. In this research a paper-based self administered survey was used to collect data from respondents. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The target population of the study was all the students at Strathmore University Madaraka campus, in Nairobi, Kenya. This is a private University that has a population of students from different ethnic, social and economic backgrounds and therefore fairly representative of the population of the country at large. The population consisted mainly of students at this University. The data was collected by volunteer students during the break periods and after classes on campus. A convenience sample of 203 respondents was drawn. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The research instrument consisted of four sections:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Section A:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Demographics of the respondents</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Section B:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Measurement of abstract knowledge on a five-point unlabelled Likert scale (where 1=unconcerned and 5= very concerned). There was also measurement of some concrete knowledge regarding questions posing where to recycle and what can be recycled.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Section C:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Attitudes to environmental issues, including belief and affect components. The 23 statements are derived from a study done by Bohlen et al. (1993), as well as from Maloney, Ward & Braucht (1975). The scale used was a five- point unlabelled Likert scale (where 1=strongly disagree and 5= strongly agree).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Section D:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Actions or behaviours exhibited with respect to environmentalism. They are also linked to the studies conducted by Bohlen et al. (1993), Vining and Ebreo (1990) and Maloney et al. (1975), and contain statements that relate to both buy- and non-buying actions.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>The scale used was a five-point unlabelled Likert scale (where 1=never and 5= always).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">This research determined the reliability of the measurement set and the distribution of the results. The scores were calculated for the different components of the study and the hypotheses were tested using parametric test.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">FINDINGS OF THE RESEARCH</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Results</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">203 usable responses were retrieved. The following sections present the results on reliability tests and the distribution of measurement set, profile of the respondents, the findings on the awareness, attitudes and actions on environmental issues and the outcome of the hypothesis testing.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reliability</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reliability was measured using Cronbach’s Alpha technique. The dimensions of awareness and actions registered a high reliability of 0.875 and 0.823 respectively whereas the dimension on attitudes recorded a satisfactory reliability of 0.728. A value of less than 0.7 according to Hair, Bush & Oritneau, 2006, indicates a low level internal reliability. This measurement set is therefore deemed to be reliable.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 1</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background: #BFBFBF; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dimension</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Number of items</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cronbach’s Alpha</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reliability</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Awareness</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">12</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.875</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">High reliability</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Attitudes</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">23</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.728</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Satisfactory reliability</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Action</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" width="120"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">13</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.823</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">High reliability</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Respondent profile</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The table 1 presents the profile of the respondents in this research. The majority of the respondents were in their 20’s (79.3%), female (62.1%), and 37.9% male. The question on the level of education was misunderstood and contradicts the question on employment it was therefore ignored. The home language category has a mixed distribution of 39.1% of category including the Kalenjin/Maasai/Kikuyu/Mijikenda having the largest percentage while the category with Kisii/Embu/Dholuo/Turkana had 15.3%. The distribution is a good representation of the general population. For the income category, the greatest percentage is those who came from households earning less than Ksh 25,000 per month (59.7%) of those who responded. However, 34.3% of the total respondents did not answer this question. All the respondents were Kenyan (100%) and a good mix of students studying the University with the largest group drawn from the Faculty of Commerce (37.6%) incidentally this is the largest department in the University. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background: #BFBFBF; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Characteristic</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.5pt;" valign="top" width="450"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Distribution</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Age</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.5pt;" width="450"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.3% younger than 20; 79.3% in their 20s; 3.0% in their 30s and 2.5% in their 40s </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gender</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.5pt;" width="450"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">37.9% male; 62.1% female</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Education completed</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.5pt;" width="450"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.3% had completed high school; 9.4% had a technical qualification; 78.3% had an undergraduate qualification and 1.0% had a postgraduate qualification<span style="color: red;"> </span></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Employment status</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.5pt;" width="450"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.4% were employed on a full-time basis; 5.4% part time; 77.2% were students and 7.9% unemployed</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Home language</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.5pt;" width="450"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.8% Kiswahili; 13.4% English; 39.1% Kalenjin/Mijikenda/Maasai/Kikuyu; 15.8% Kisii/Embu/Dholou/Turkana; 21.3% Meru/Kamba/Kiluhya/Kuria; 8.4% “Other Kenyan”; 0.5% Other Asian; 0.7% other European languages</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Net monthly household income</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.5pt;" width="450"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">59.7% less than Ksh25,000; 8.2% Ksh25,000 – Ksh45,000; 5.2% Ksh45,001 – Ksh60,000; 4.5% Ksh60,001 – Ksh80,000; 5.2% Ksh80,001 – Ksh110,000; 6.0% Ksh110,001 – Ksh160, 000; 6.0% Ksh160,001 – Ksh300,000; 5.2% Ksh300,001 and above;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Note: 34.3% missing i.e. did not respond</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nationality</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.5pt;" width="450"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">100% Kenyan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Place of residence</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.5pt;" width="450"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">49.8% live less than 5km from campus; 50.2% live more than 5km from campus</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faculty/School of registration </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 337.5pt;" width="450"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">18.8% School of Accountancy; 37.6% Faculty of Commerce; 22.8% Faculty of Information Technology; 20.8% School of Tourism and Hospitality</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The component of action on environmental issues</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The highest mean recorded was on the statement (3.90) ‘I choose an environmentally friendly alternative if one of a similar price is available’ and the lowest was (2.24) was on ‘I boycott organisations that are not environmentally responsible’. The statement which recorded the lowest standard deviation was ‘I have changed to products that are environmentally friendly’. This reflects that many people are making deliberate choices to promote environmentally friendly products. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.0 Actions</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><img height="387" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="602" /></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figure 1.1 Recycling</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figure 1.1 shows the results of whether individuals recycle items. As can be seen from the figure 30 percent of the respondents agreed to recycling different items while the majority 31.58 percent revealed that they don’t recycle irrespective whether the items in question are recyclable. 30 percent of the other respondents revealed that they e do recycle sometimes while 8 percent confirmed that they recycle if its necessary to do so. The results implies that overall the majority of the respondents are keen on environmental issues more so on recycling products. However a lot of efforts need to be done since the percentage of those who said that they don’t recycle is quite high. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 3: Descriptive statistics on actions statements</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-insideh: 1.0pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: 1.0pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><thead>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td colspan="3" style="background: white; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 6.5in;" width="624"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background: white; border: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 4.75in;" width="456"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Action</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td colspan="2" style="background: white; border-left: none; border: solid black 2.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 1.75in;" valign="bottom" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Descriptive Statistics</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mean</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="102"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Std. Deviation</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 2.0pt; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 4.75in;" valign="top" width="456"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">I choose an environmentally-friendly alternative if one of a similar price is available</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.95</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.147</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 2.0pt; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 4.75in;" valign="top" width="456"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">I would join an environmental group to protect the environment</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.81</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.213</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 2.0pt; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 4.75in;" valign="top" width="456"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">When possible, I prefer to buy organically grown fruit and vegetables</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.79</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.465</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 2.0pt; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 4.75in;" valign="top" width="456"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">I encourage other people to recycle</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.25</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.410</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 2.0pt; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 4.75in;" valign="top" width="456"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">I take shopping bags when doing grocery shopping</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.22</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.612</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 2.0pt; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 4.75in;" valign="top" width="456"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">I make a special effort to buy products in recyclable containers</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.19</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.437</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 2.0pt; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 4.75in;" valign="top" width="456"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">I prefer to buy recycled paper products</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.01</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.341</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 2.0pt; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 4.75in;" valign="top" width="456"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">I have changed to products that are environmentally-friendly</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.96</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.241</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 2.0pt; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 4.75in;" valign="top" width="456"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">I buy products that have not been tested on animals</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.91</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.720</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 2.0pt; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 4.75in;" valign="top" width="456"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">I try to buy environmentally-friendly detergents and cleaning materials</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.79</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.296</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 2.0pt; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 4.75in;" valign="top" width="456"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">I choose environmentally-friendly products regardless of the price</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.76</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.196</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 2.0pt; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 4.75in;" valign="top" width="456"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">I try to find out about the environmental effects of a product before I buy it</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.50</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.234</span></div></td> </tr>
</thead> <tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-top: none; border: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 4.75in;" valign="top" width="456"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">I boycott organizations that are not environmentally responsible</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.41</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.363</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1. Environmental buying decisions made by tertiary students</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 3 indicates the environmental buying decisions made by the tertiary students. Results in table 3 indicates three issues that the students always consider when making the environmental buying decisions (mean >= 3.5 with significant standard deviation).These include: C</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">hoosing an environmentally-friendly alternative if one of a similar price is available,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">joining an environmental group to protect the environment and when possible buying organically grown fruit and vegetables.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> The results from the table also indicates some of the decisions that the students sometimes make when purchasing items (mean >=2.5 with significant standard deviation).These include:</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"> encouraging other people to recycle, taking shopping bags when doing grocery shopping, making special effort to buy products in recyclable containers, buying recycled paper products, changing to products that are environmentally-friendly, buying products that have not been tested on animals, buying environmentally-friendly detergents and cleaning materials, choosing environmentally-friendly products regardless of the price and trying to find out about the environmental effects of a product before buying it. However the students never boycott organizations that are not environmentally responsible.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2 Effects of socio-demographic factors on the buying decisions</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-insideh: 1.0pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: 1.0pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><thead>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td colspan="7" style="background: white; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 495.75pt;" width="661"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td colspan="7" style="background: white; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 495.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="661"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 4: Cross tabulation between the level of education, gender and choosing an environmentally-friendly alternative if one of a similar price is available</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: white; border: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 204.25pt;" valign="top" width="272"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td colspan="4" style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: solid black 2.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 291.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="389"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">choosing an environmentally-friendly alternative if one of a similar price is available</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Never</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sometimes</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Always</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Not applicable</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td rowspan="3" style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 2.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 46.3pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Female</span></div></td> <td rowspan="3" style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 36.45pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">University degree (undergraduate)</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.0%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">31.0%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">56.0%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.0%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Technical diploma/degree</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">30.0%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">60.0%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.0%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Completed high school</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">36.4%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">63.6%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td rowspan="5" style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: solid black 2.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 46.3pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Male</span></div></td> <td rowspan="5" style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 36.45pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.8pt;" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">University degree (postgraduate)</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">50.0%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">50.0%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">University degree (undergraduate)</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.9%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">21.8%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">65.5%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.8%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Technical diploma/degree</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">22.2%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">66.7%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.1%</span></div></td> </tr>
</thead> <tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Completed high school</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">30.0%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.8pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.0%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">60.0%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 72.9pt;" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 4 shows the results of cross tabulation between the levels of education, gender and choosing an environmentally friendly alternative if one of a similar price is available. The results indicate that 11 percent of female university graduates never consider choosing an environmental friendly alternative product while the majority of female’s graduates at (56 percent) do consider making a choice between the alternatives. In the case of males, half of the university graduates never consider these alternatives while the other half not always but sometimes make these decisions. The results also indicate that 30 percent of females with technical courses sometimes consider choosing the alternative products based on environmental issues while 60 percent of the ladies are always guided by this principle. In the case of males, only 30 percent of high school leavers never make this decision while the majority of them actually decide between buying the items which are environment friendly if the alternatives are available.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 5: Cross tabulation between the income level and </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">choosing environmentally-friendly products regardless of the price</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-insideh: 1.0pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: 1.0pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><thead>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td colspan="6" style="background: white; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 414.75pt;" width="553"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td colspan="6" style="background: white; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 414.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="553"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: white; border: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 143.7pt;" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Level of income</span></b></div></td> <td colspan="3" style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 2.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 220.1pt;" valign="bottom" width="293"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Choosing environmentally-friendly products regardless of the price</span></b></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: white; border-left: none; border: solid black 2.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 50.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="68"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Never</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">sometimes</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Always</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td rowspan="8" style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: solid black 2.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 36.7pt;" valign="top" width="49"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Less than Ksh 25,000</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">37.2%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.3pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">37.2%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">21.8%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 50.95pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">100.0%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">25,000 - 45,000</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">27.3%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.3pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">63.6%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.1%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 50.95pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">100.0%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">45,001 - 60,000</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">28.6%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.3pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">57.1%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.3%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 50.95pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">100.0%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">60,001 - 80,000</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">50.0%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.3pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.7%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">33.3%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 50.95pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">100.0%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">80,001 - 110,000</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">57.1%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.3pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">28.6%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.3%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 50.95pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">100.0%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">110,001 - 160,000</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">50.0%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.3pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">50.0%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 50.95pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">100.0%</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">160,000 - 300,000</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">37.5%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.3pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">25.0%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">37.5%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 50.95pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">100.0%</span></div></td> </tr>
</thead> <tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">300,001 and above</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 2.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">50.0%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.3pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">33.3%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 73.4pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.7%</span></div></td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 2.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 2.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 50.95pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.0pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">100.0%</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 5 shows the cross tabulation results between the level of income of respondents and choosing environmentally friendly products regardless of the price. The results indicates that 37.2 percent of all the respondents earning less than 25 000 shillings never consider making decisions on environment when purchasing items while 21.8 percent of the respondents in the same income group always takes into considerations environmentally considerations regardless of the price. Those respondents in the income group ranging from (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">110,001 - 160,000</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">) never take into considerations about the environmental issues when doing their purchases. 50 percent of the most paid respondents also do not take into considerations the environmental aspect when making their decisions to purchase commodities. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hypothesis Testing</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table 4: Regression Results</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828" name="_Toc170220826"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Variable</span></b></a></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coefficient</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Std Error</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">t-Ratio</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">P value</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">C</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="bottom" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.131315</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="bottom" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.113182</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">27.66615</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.0000</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gender</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="bottom" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.042149</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="bottom" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.110449</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.381616</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="bottom" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.7032</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Income</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">-0.156121</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.367045</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">-0.425345</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.4253</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Age</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 1.5pt 0in 1.5pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: 0in 1.5pt 0in 1.5pt; width: 52.75pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.554495</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.128920</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.301088</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.0002</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">R-squared</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.510819</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adjusted R-squared</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.417868</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;"><br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Durbin-Watson stat</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.391710</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">F-Statistic</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.647237</span></div><br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prob (F-statistic)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.000014</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><br />
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</tbody></table><h1 style="line-height: 200%;"> </h1><h1 style="line-height: 200%;">2.1 Testing Hypothesis 1</h1><div class="MsoFooter" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">H1: Customers who are older will exhibit more buying decisions based on environmental concerns.</div><div class="MsoFooter" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">The study used simple multivariate regression analysis to test all the three hypothesis. From the regression analysis the test indicated a positive correlation between the ages of the respondents and the environmental buying decisions. With a P-value of 0.0002, it implies that the coefficient of the variable age is statistically significant in influencing the buying decisions. The more the older the person the more the individual will consider the environmental issues when making a decision to purchase an item.</div><div class="MsoFooter" style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoFooter" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">The results imply that the older generations are more environmental conscious than the young people. Older people will put into considerations environment issues before committing to several issues. This means that environmental awareness is more pronounced amongst the older generation.</div><h1> </h1><h1 style="line-height: 200%;">2.2 Testing Hypothesis 2</h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">H2: Women exhibit more buying decisions based on environmental concerns</span></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The second hypothesis was also tested using the regression analysis. Gender was captured by use of a dummy variable in the regression analysis. (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1:If female, 0: Otherwise</i>). The regression analysis results indicated that the variable for gender had a P- value of <span style="color: black;">0.7032 at 95 percent confidence interval. This implies rejecting the hypothesis against the alternative. The results imply that gender does not influence at all the decisions that individuals make when buying different items. The decision lies on an individual whether its a man or a female but it doesn’t depend on the gender of a person. </span></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 200%;">2.3 Testing Hypothesis 3</h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">H3: Customers from middle income group exhibit more buying decisions based on environmental concerns</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The third hypothesis was also tested using the regression analysis. The results lead to the rejection of the hypothesis at 95 percent confidence level. This is because the coefficient of the variable income had a P value of 0.4253. The results means that the level of income does not at all influence the buying decisions that people make. This fact can be simply explained by the economic situation in the country where people base their consumption on the price and the availability of the commodity rather than the other factors that do influence the demand of a commodity.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another key observation from the results reveals that the level of income and the buying decisions are negatively correlated. This means that as income of an individual increases the less that individual takes time to make any decisions regarding any purchases. The negative correlation between buying decisions could be explained by the fact that with higher purchasing power parity the less concerned the individuals become towards making environmental based decisions.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The coefficient of the constant term had A P-value of 0.000 at 95 percent confidence interval. This means that there are other factors which were not included in the model that influences buying decisions of individuals. These could include the level of awareness amongst individuals, the level of education among many other factors.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">A major limitation of the study is the fact that the study was conducted in the same tertiary institution. There is a tendency of people who live in the same neighbourhood to behave more or less the same irrespective of their different backgrounds. Lack of incorporating views from other tertiary learning institutions makes it hard for the study to generalise the behaviour of all students in these institutions.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4 MANAGERIAL FINDINGS</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Consumers can play a crucial role in environmental issues since they chose the kind of products they buy in the market. Through this simple fact they determine the kind of products that are made by manufacturers since products are manufactured depending on the consumer needs. However individual consumers can only be influential if they organize themselves in pressure groups. Consumer pressure groups can request or demand companies for example to reduce their packaging or to produce healthier products. On the other hand, consumers can also block or slow down the introduction of environmental innovative products in the market place, because they are not willing to pay a higher price or to accept less comfort (or have the perception that environmental innovative products are more expensive and less comfortable).</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another key area to enforce environmental issues in the line of marketing is by incorporating the manufacturer through product orientation. Product orientation is a strategy where the company believes the consumers prefer products that are widely available and affordable (Leeflang, 1997). The organization needs to be as efficient as possible in production and distribution techniques, which is the prime task of management. The product concept holds that consumers will favor those products that offer the most quality, performance, or innovative features. With this notion the manufactures will be forced to produce products that are more environmental friendly if the consumers demand so. Managers in product oriented organizations focus their energy on making superior products and improving them overtime so as to meet the demands of their clients. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Focus should also be emphasized on the role of marketing in creating environmental awareness. Majority of the individuals base their decisions on what they have seen or what they have heard. Thus through marketing many people could be made aware maybe of different products in the market that are environmental friendly. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rather than promoting the technology or type of pollution abatement a firm undertakes, most environmental marketing campaigns push a specific product, which itself might be advertised as having environmental benefits (e.g., being recyclable, made with nontoxic material, using less packaging). Some environmental advertisements are primarily aimed at promoting a good corporate image. These advertisements might address environmental innovations, list awards the company received, or simply talk about environmental concerns. Although a few specific products or marketing campaigns do involve some aspect of pollution prevention, compliance issues, or other public policy concerns should be enhanced from the marketers perspective.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.5 CONCLUSION</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The study concludes that </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">the most prominent factors the students always consider when making the environmental buying decisions include: C</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">hoosing environmentally-friendly alternatives if one of a similar price is available,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">joining environmental groups to protect the environment and when possible buying organically grown fruit and vegetables. The study also concludes that the students never contemplate boycotting organizations that are not environmentally responsible.</span></div><div class="MsoFooter" style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoFooter" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;">The study also concludes that age is a key factor when making buying decisions regarding the issue of the environment. The results indicated that the more the older the person the more the individual will consider the environmental issues when making a decision to purchase an item. This simply means that the older generations are more environmental conscious than the young people. A key challenge would thus to create awareness among the young people of this nation so as to make them more environmental conscious. This can be achieved through incorporating environmental issues in the curricula’s within schools. Another method could be through creating awareness among the youth through forums or even sports. </div><div class="MsoFooter" style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><h1 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">The results from the cross tabulation shows that women seem to be more conscious when making the buying decisions but a further analysis through regression analysis indicates otherwise. The regression results reveal that gender does not influence at all the decisions that individuals make when buying different items. The decision to be environmentally conscious lies on an individual but not whether one is a man or a female. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The study also concludes that the level of income does not at all influence the buying decisions that people make. The results also revealed that the level of income and the buying decisions are negatively correlated. This means that as income of an individual increases the less that individual takes time to make any decisions regarding any purchases and vice versa. This could mean that the awareness should be enhanced across the board incorporating the poor to the rich since the actions that people commit to today will impact on everyone in the future.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.6 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The study found out that there are many other factors which do influence the buying decisions of individuals. This study thus suggests that another study should be done to evaluate the impact of all these other factors on the buying decisions of individuals.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In view of the economic challenges such as demographic burden and the climatic change it becomes increasingly important to explore the role of government’s efforts towards environmental issues. The government has initiated several programs to conserve the environment. This study would recommend that a survey to be done to find out the awareness levels of these government efforts from the public as well as exploring whether these government efforts have had any impact on the preservation of the environment.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">REFERENCES</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%;">Albarracin, D., Johnson, B.T. and Zanna, M.P. (2005). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Handbook of Attitudes.</i> New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anonymous, (2009 a). <a href="http://www.encyclopoedia.thefreedictionary.com/man+and+nature">http://www.encyclopoedia.thefreedictionary.com/man+and+nature</a> (accessed 11 January 2010).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anonymous, (2009 b). <a href="http://www.encyclopoedia.thefreedictionary.com/natural+environment">http://www.encyclopoedia.thefreedictionary.com/natural+environment</a> (accessed 11 January 2010).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Barr, S. (2007). Factors influencing Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors: A UK Case Study of Household Waste Management. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Environment and Behavior</i>, 39(4): 435–473.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-ZA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%;">Blackwell, R.D., Miniard, P.W. and Engel, J.F. (2006). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Consumer Behaviour.</i> 10<sup>th</sup> edition. Ohio: Thomson South–Western.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bohlen, G., Schlegelmilch, B.B. and Diamantopoulos, A. (1993). ‘Measuring Ecological Concern: A Multi-construct Perspective’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of Marketing Management</i>, 9: 415–430.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cleveland</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">, M., Kalamas, M. and Laroche, M. (2005). ‘Shades of green: linking environmental locus of control and pro-environmental behaviours’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of Consumer Marketing</i>, 22(4): 198–212.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Corralize, J.A. and Berenguer, J. (2000). Environmental Values, Beliefs and Actions: A Situational Approach. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Environment and Behavior</i>, 32(6): 832–848.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Dahl, M. and Neumayer, E. (2001). Overcoming barriers to campus greening, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education</i>, 2(2): 139–160.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">De Young, R. (2000). Expounding and Evaluating Motives for Environmentally Responsible Behaviour. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of Social Issues</i>, 56(3): 509–26.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dunlap, R., Van Liere, K.D., Mertig, A.G. and Jones, R.E. (2000). Measuring Endorsement of the New Ecological Paradigm: A Revised NEP Scale. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of Social Issues</i>, 56(3): 425–442.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Farlex Lexicon. (2009). <a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/environmentalism">http://www.thefreedictionary.com/environmentalism</a> (accessed 11 January 2010).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Guagnano, G.A., Stern, P.C. and Dietz, T. (1995). Influences on Attitude-Behavior Relationships: A Natural Experiment with Curbside Recycling. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Environment and Behavior</i>, 27(5): 699–718.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Grob, A. (1995). A Structural Model of Environmental Attitudes and Behaviour. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of Environmental Psychology</i>, 15: 209–220.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hair, J., Bush, R. and Ortinau, D. (2006). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Marketing Research within a changing environment</i>. Revised international edition. New York, McGraw-Hill.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-ZA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%;">Hodgetts, R.M. (1993). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Modern Human Relations at Work. </i>5<sup>th</sup> edition. Fort Worth, Texas: The Dryden Press.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-ZA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%;">Hopper, J.R. and Nielsen, J.M. (1991). Recycling as Altruistic Behaviour: Normative and Behavioural Strategies to Expand Participation in a Community Recycling Programme. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Environment and Behavior</i>, 23(2): 195–220.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Huge Brodin, M. and Anderson, H. (2008). ‘Recycling calls for revaluation’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Supply Chain Management: An International Journal</i>, 13(1): 9–15. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jordan, B. (2009). ‘SA trying to keep its head above the trash’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sunday Times</i>, 13 December 2009: 2.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kok, G. and Siera, S. (1985). ‘Tin recycling: Awareness, Comprehension, Attitude, Intention and Behaviour’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of Economic Psychology</i>, 6: 157–173.</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%;">Kotler, P. (2003)<i>. Marketing Management</i>. 11<sup>th</sup> edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.</span><span lang="EN-ZA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maloney, M.P., Ward, M.P. and Braucht, G.N. (1975). ‘A Revised Scale for the Measurement of Ecological Attitudes and Knowledge’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American Psychologist</i>, July: 787–790.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">McGuiness, J., Jones, A.P. and Cole, S.G. (1977). ‘Attitudinal Correlates of Recycling Behaviour’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of Applied Psychology</i>, 62(4): 376–384.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oskamp, S., Harrington, M.J., Edwards, T.C., Sherwood, D.L., Okuda, S.M. and Swanson, D.C. (1991). Factors influencing household recycling behaviour. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Environment and Behavior</i>, 23(4): 494–519.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prakash, A. (2002). ‘Green Marketing, public policy and managerial strategies’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Business Strategy and the Environment</i>, 11: 285–297.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Schiffman, L., Bednall, D., O’Cass, A., Paladino, A., Ward, S. and Kanuk, L. (2008). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Consumer Behaviour</i>. 4<sup>th</sup> Edition. Australia:Pearson Education.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Schahn, J and Holzer, E. (1990). Studies of Individual Environmental Concern: The Role of Knowledge, Gender and Background Variables. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Environment and Behavior</i>, l 22(6): 767–786.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stern, P.C., Dietz, T. and Kalof, L. (2005). Value Orientations, Gender and Environmental Concern <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in</i> Kalof, L and Salterfield, T (eds). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Environmental Values</i>. London: Earthscan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Van Liere, K.D. and Dunlap, R.E. (1978). Moral Norms and Environmental Behavior: An Application of Schwartz’s Norm-Activation Model to Yard Burning. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of Applied Social Psychology</i>, Vol 8 (2): 174 – 188.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vining, J. and Ebreo, A. (1990). ‘What makes a recycler? A Comparison of Recyclers and Nonrecyclers. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Environment and Behavior</i>, 22 (1): 55–73.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<div class="TOCHeading" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">QUESTION 1</span></div><div class="TOCHeading">Contents</div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473555">1.0 Overview<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">.. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473556">2.0 The earths changing climate<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473557">3.0 Climate change and the greenhouse effect<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">3</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473558">4.0 Human influence on climate<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">4</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473559">5.0 Impact of climate change<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">5</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473560">6.0 Ecosystems and vegetation<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">7</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473561">7.0 Water resources<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">7</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473562">References:<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">8</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">QUESTION 2</span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473563">1.0 Introduction<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">10</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473564">2.0 Definition of terms<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">11</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473565"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">2.1 A natural disaster</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">11</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473566">2.2 Mitigation<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">11</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473568">3.0 Types of natural disasters.<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">11</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473569"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">3.1 Volcanic eruptions</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">11</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473571">4.0 Estimating Hazards<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">13</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473572"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">5.0 Volcanic eruptions effect</b><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">14</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473573"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">6.0 Mitigation measures</b><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">14</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473574">6.1 Volcanic Risk Mitigation Plan<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">14</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473575"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">7.0 Summary</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">15</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoToc1"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=3859261729650591828#_Toc292473576">Reference:<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">16</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Question 1: Outline the causes and effects of global warming.</span></div><h1><a href="" name="_Toc292473555"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473371"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292794250"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473937"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794250;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473371;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473555;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.0 Overview</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Climate change is the shift in normal climatic conditions that lasts for decades. It describes a shift in the climate of specific region or even the entire planet. As the earth warm some parts of t world are experiencing increased frequencies of heavy and extreme precipitation events and local flooding. Others are experiencing increased droughts and famines.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The earth climate patterns create and sustain a natural environment on which humans and all other species depend. The planets environmental zones from equatorial forests to Polar Regions and the wealth of species they contain result from different climates that exist in the earth. The variations in these climates which occur naturally from year to year and over long periods of time can cause disasters including droughts, famine and floods affecting millions of people.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The earth’s climate patterns are governed by average global temperature due to the rising for more than a century. The warming may be a natural temperature fluctuation but greenhouse gases released by industries over the years and increasing as a result of deforestation has greatly contributed to the enhancing of the warming effect induced by normal levels of naturally occurring atmospheric green house gases.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The enhanced greenhouse warming will not affect the planet evenly and the warming time keep o varying between different areas, for example high latitude do experience greatest change in temperature and warming is likely to be delayed in areas influenced<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by deep sea.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Research has shown that human activities and natural ecosystem in future climatic conditions. The amount of water available for domestic use agriculture industry and generating electricity has been seriously affected by small changes in temperature. The warm temperatures do increase winter rainfall in middle and high latitudes but others will be drier, particularly in the summer.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agriculture in some regions could benefit from warmer temperatures and increased rainfall. However changes in temperature, rainfall or soil moisture could severely reduce the productivity of marginal lands in areas such as Te zahel and cause food shortage. Forests; which provide variety of products from fuel to food, will also be affected by changes in temperature and rainfall.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The composition of many natural ecosystems will be altered by changes in climate. Beaches and coastal wetlands may be submerged by rising seas, and polar and alpine vegetation zones reduced in size as temperature increases.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In warmer areas, the ocean will heat up and expand and ice in the polar ice caps and in glaciers will melt, thus raising the sea level areas such as the deltaic will be threatened by flooding as well as low lying in the pacific and maldine will be threatened. In warmer areas covered by ice and under permafrost will be reduced .this will affect the delicate polar ecosystems increase the risk of flooding and landslides in some areas and contribute to sea level rise.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Drought, crop failure and floods may drive millions of people from their homes creating unprecedented problem such as environmental refugees trying to find new areas in which to settle. Changes in rainfall patterns may reduce the availability of water, fuel wood, food and animal fodder. Lacks of these essential requirements will in turn reduce human resistance to disease.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Many organizations particularly UNEP has been involved in monitoring and assessing the effect of climate variability on human activities as a result of enhanced greenhouse warming and its influence on global climate as well as society and this paper will be deeply looking at the courses and impacts as expressed in the overview.</span></div><h1><a href="" name="_Toc292473556"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473372"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292794251"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473938"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794251;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473372;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473556;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.0 The earths changing climate</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The earth’s climate is not constant; temperatures and rainfall vary from year to year and fluctuate widely over much longer periods of time. Indeed, in the earths average annual temperature of only 4-5 degrees Celsius brought about the onset and retreat of the ice ages. Regional climate is also variable where some summers are hotter than average, for instance some winters are wetter or windier. The reasons for such variations are not always understood and are unpredictable. The variation can cause major disruptions to normal climate patterns and have caused the failure of the monsoon over India and droughts across large tracks of Africa, Australia and South America. The strongest `recurrent cause of climate fluctuations is the El. Nino southern oscillation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which was a complex set of interactions between the tropical oceans and the atmosphere in the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pacific region, which, at its most intense, affects global climatic conditions.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It is widely accepted that arise of 0.3-0.6 c in global mean temperature has taken place over the past 100 years. A change in some of the earth’s physical features also suggests that global temperature in rising. Most mountain glaciers have been retreating since the end of the 19<sup>th</sup> century. A decrease in the planets snow cover was also recorded. There has also been an average rise of 1-2mm per year in global sea level during the past 100 years some of which is probably related to global warming.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Because temperature variation of this magnitude has occurred before, it is not yet possible to say with certainty whether this recent global warming is natural or caused by human activity.</span></div><h1><a href="" name="_Toc292473557"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473373"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292794252"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473939"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794252;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473373;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473557;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.0 Climate change and the greenhouse effect</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Global climate patterns are produced by a complex interaction between the sun and the earth’s atmosphere, oceans, ice and land surface. Changes in any of these can upset the established equilibrium and may affect global climate.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The earth’s climate is influenced by average global temperature and is sensitive to change in temperature. The earth has a natural temperature control system that keeps the planet warm enough to sustain life, yet prevents it from overheating. Certain atmospheric gases, the green house gases are critical to this temperature control system.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Greenhouse gases warm the earth and its atmosphere just as glass, in effect, wars the air inside a greenhouse. Grass allows most wavelengths of the suns radiation to pass through it into the greenhouse, where it warms the soil and plants. The contents of the greenhouse, like all bodies, then radiate infrared energy back into the atmosphere. However, the glass in the greenhouse allows only about 10 % of the radiation at these wavelengths to pass through it and escape into the atmosphere; the remainder about 90% of the infrared radiation is trapped in the greenhouse. The temperature of the greenhouse therefore stabilizes at higher level than that of the outside air.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The more complex interaction occurs between solar energy, the earth and the greenhouse gases that surround the earth. The earth’s temperature remains fairly constant because the levels of radiation from the sun that enter the atmosphere are similar to those radiated back into space by the earth and its atmosphere.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">However, t temperatures on earth are about 33c higher than those in space because green house gases absorb and trap some of the radiation emitted by the earth. This trapped radiation warms the earth’s atmosphere and, by creating a warm blanket of air around the earth also warm the planets surface. This is known as the green house effect.</span></div><h1><a href="" name="_Toc292473558"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473374"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292794253"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473940"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794253;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473374;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473558;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.0 Human influence on climate</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Over the past hundred years human activities has significantly altered both the surface of the earth and the composition of its atmosphere. These changes may be causing or contributing to the rise in global temperature observed over the past 150 years.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Greenhouse gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide exist naturally in the atmosphere but are also released into the atmosphere in great quantities when fossil fuels are burnt as a result of industrial and agricultural activities. The increasing concentrations of these gases in the atmosphere are likely to intensify the greenhouse effect and raise global temperatures.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Concentrations at atmospheric gases were not significantly altered by human activity until the industrial revolution. Atmospheric gases were not significantly altered by human activity until the industrial revolution. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have increased by 26% since pre- industrial times. The main cause is the widespread and large scale combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gases). During which carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deforestation, which alters the reflectivity of the earths surface and reduces the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed and conserved naturally by trees in a secondary cause. Some green house gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) result only human activity. They result from industrial processes and have been building up in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, CFCs and nitrous oxide remain in the atmosphere for many years.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Changes in the concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases can alter the way they interact with the atmosphere, oceans and other features of the earth; effects on greenhouse gas concentrations such change are known as greenhouse gas feedbacks.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Computer models indicate that warming will not take place uniformly over the planet; it will be more intense at higher than at lower latitudes and greater in winter than in summer. In some areas I high northern latitude in winter warming could be 50-100 percent greater than the global average. Air temperatures rise more rapidly over land than oceans and there is likely to be a time lay between increased greenhouse gas concentration and increased air temperatures particularly in areas influenced by deep water circulation such as the northern Atlantic and the southern ocean near the Antarctica.</span></div><h1><a href="" name="_Toc292473559"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473375"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292794254"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473941"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794254;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473375;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473559;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5.0 Impact of climate change</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">As the green house gas concentrations continue to rise, global warming is likely to have wide ranging effects on the environment and human society. Impact on the environment snow, ice, and glaciers together with permanently frozen ground known as permafrost, extend over 41 million km squared of the earths surface. Areas of ice<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and snow have a major influence on the global climate are important water resources and support specialized ecosystems and species, global warming will reduce global snow and ice cover and permafrost may disappear completely from some region.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In temperature region (latitudes) seasonal snow is usually close to its melting point. Temperature increase of 1-2 degrees Celsius will significantly reduce snow covers in both hemispheres. Snow reflects the suns radiation much more strongly than grass and soil and this reduce the amount of heat that snow covered land absorbs. When warmer conditions reduce snow cover the warming is intensified as the snow melts because the absorbed ground absorbs more of the sun’s heat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The factor of ice sheet includes the Antarctic ice sheet- 30 million KM cubed of ice. The earth’s major nice sheet is in Greenland with nearly 3milliom km cubed. The ice sheets do change in size in response to temperature changes and precipitation. Because warm air can carry more water vapor than cold, global warming will increase snow fall in the Polar Regions. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Glaciers cover 16 million km cubed of land in the world may of the world glaciers are retreating particularly those of the Alps and Mande. On global scale, a reduction in the area of glacier will alter the reflectivity of the earth’s surface and thus enhance global warming. The melting of ice sheets and glacier will also contribute to the expected rise in sea- level.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permafrost being soil or rock that remains at or below 0 degree Celsius throughout the year, Permafrost contains ice. It underlies 20-25 percent of the earth’s land surface, found in the polar and sub Polar Regions. They are first below freezing point and are vulnerable to warming. It can affect the top five meters of permafrost very quickly.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Global warming will raise sea levels by expanding the water of oceans and melting snow, glaciers, and ice. The temperature of ocean is surface water is also expected to increase; this will affect conditions and ecosystems within the ocean alter the interaction between oceans and atmosphere and further influence climate change.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">If global warming is greater at polar latitudes than the equator the greatest changes in sea surface temperature will occur in Polar Regions. This will flatten out the regional differences in sea surface temperature that create trade winds and ocean currents-reducing the intensity for both. However, global warming will increase the temperature difference between air over the, land and that over sea. This will cause stronger along shore winds and more upwelling currents in coastal areas. The temperature rise may increase occurrence of tropical cyclones and expand the areas that they occur. The higher sea surface temperatures may also intensify the EL NINO phenomenon which causes extreme weather conditions and disruptions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of ocean circulation. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">As pertains the ecology of coastal areas, the rise in sea level will damage or destroy the delicate coastal ecosystems that depend on wetlands beaches, coral reefs, mangroves and estuaries. Many fish, birds and mammals rely on coastal wetlands for part of their life cycle. These areas also filter pollutants from coastal waters and help protect the coast from floods.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">About one third of the world’s coastlines are sand and single beaches which sustain many animal species. A rise in sea level will increase the rate of erosion of beaches and dunes. The coral reefs are also sensitive to changes in sea temperature and sediment levels; they may not adapt and could be drowned by rapid rise of sea level.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Estuaries may be seriously affected by sea level rise. Tidal waters will flow further upriver widening estuaries and eroding river banks. Estuarine regions could become prone to flooding with stronger tidal flows rising river levels. The river water will become more saline if seawater penetrates further up estuaries causing fresh water plants and animals to retreat. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The higher temperatures will increase the rate of evaporation of moisture from plants, the land and oceans. This increases precipitation on principle of what goes up must come down, but effects are un even. Water resources in arid or semi arid areas are very sensitive to small changes in temperature and rainfall, temperature rise in low latitude areas impacts on water resources may be greatest in these areas because temperatures affect run-off which become groundwater. Global warming will increase the risk of drought wherever temperature increases and there is little increase in rainfall particularly in mid continental, mid latitude regions. Higher temperatures will also affect water supplies from melting snow, during winter especially melting during summer. This means a warmer world, more rain and less snow. Rivers will tend to swell in winter and dry up in summer.</span></div><h1><a href="" name="_Toc292473560"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473376"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292794255"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473942"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794255;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473376;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473560;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6.0 Ecosystems and vegetation</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Natural ecosystems are interdependent networks of plants and animal species inhabitants unmanaged by humans including natural forests, wetlands, deserts, lakes and mountain regions. Climate change and its effects on other aspects of the biosphere, including soil moisture, could shift vegetation zones and the wildlife they support especially at high latitudes and altitudes. climate change could cause significant shift in vegetation as doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide have had serious effects as temperature increase thus increasing precipitation and therefore rise in sea level.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Species distribution and bio diversity could be altered due to change of vegetation zone and therefore typical species. Some species may reduce in size while others cease to exist, disappear from certain regions or become extinct. Sea level rise will affect coastal habitants such as wetlands and marshes. The inland migration of mangrove swamps may be altered in case the inland is developed for agriculture. </span></div><h1><a href="" name="_Toc292473561"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473377"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292794256"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473943"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794256;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473377;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473561;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7.0 Water resources</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water is the foundation for a fertile environment, and underpins most human activities- agricultural, industrial and domestic. Water is unevenly distributed over the planet, the worlds population is increasing pressure on the available water supply thus lowering water quality. The changes in rainfall- seasonal or long term can cause floods, drought and ecological disasters affecting millions of people.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Global warming is likely to increase rainfall and reduce in others. Increased evaporation rates caused by higher temperatures making other areas dry especially during summer.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Drought can create severe economic and social problems. The most vulnerable industries include crop and livestock production, forestry, fisheries, hydro electricity generation an recreation, shortage of food, raw materials and power lead to an increase in the price of commodities, reduction of number of employees, as well as unemployment which can lead to social unrest. Warming up the globe in high latitudes, leads to higher temperatures could increase the range of crops grown especially in North America and Europe. Under experimental condition, increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide can have a direct effect on growth of rate of crops and weeds. It also reduces water loss from plants leaves hence reduce plants need for water therefore corresponding for the negative effects of climate change.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Global warming will affect one of agriculture most critical requirement, soil moisture, as it does not only depend on rainfall but also evapotranspiration of water from plants and soil. There is reduction of oil moisture when temperature increases.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Changes in ocean temperatures and hence the location and intensity of upwelling’s of nutrients are likely to alter the population and distribution of fish. Some species thrive well in I warm conditions, while others more to areas out of range.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide could cause sea level to rise up by 1m by 2100. Many of the worlds coastal and delta region are densely populated. Flooding will result from the rise of sea level and will destroy or disrupt human settlements agriculture and industry and affect millions of people. Storm flooding will also be common; will threaten areas with hurricanes or severe storms.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transport system will not escape the effects of global warming. Reduced sea and river ice and snowfall would affect shipping, air travel and rail transport.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In terms of human settlement and health as the populations may not respond to natural disasters such as flooding. Urban areas will suffer more from global than rural areas because they are already ‘heat islands’ in a cooler rural sea. The removal of vegetation, the construction of buildings, roads, pavements and heat generated by human activities raise temperature in build up areas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In the global warming implications, climate change may expose humans to new health threats and diseases. High temperatures will place stress on circulatory system, thus increasing mortality. Higher temperatures will increase levels of low level ozone and oxides of nitrogen. These may cause eye inflammation as well as respiratory disease. This situation will also affect the range of diseases. This situation will also affect the range of diseases especially those spread by vector such as mosquitoes especially in temperate regions.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In conclusion, the issue of global warming could prove unpredictable, the timing, magnitude and regional impacts of climate change cannot be assessed with absolute certainty. There many steps that can be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the effects of climate change and help society to adapt to new climatic conditions.<a href="" name="_Toc292473944"></a></span></div><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473944;"><a href="" name="_Toc292473562"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473378"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292794257"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473378;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473562;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></span></a></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473944;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794257;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473378;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473562;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></span></span></span></h1><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473944;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794257;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473378;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473562;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></span></span></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473944;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794257;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473378;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473562;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></span></span></span></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h1><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473944;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794257;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473378;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473562;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">References:</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bird, E. C. F, (1992), submerging coasts; the effects of a riding sea level on coastal environments. Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, john Wiley and sons.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Downing I. E (1992), climate change and vulnerable places; global food security and country studies in Zimbabwe, Kenya, Senegal and Chile. Oxford, environmental change unit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">M.C.G, Tergat, W.J., SHELDON, G W and graffiths, D.C (1990), climatic change; the ipcc impact assessment. Canberra, Australian government publishing service.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Question 2: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Name any two types of natural disasters; explain their effects and mitigation measures.20mks</span></div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc292473563"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473379"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292794258"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473379;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473563;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.0 Introduction</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Natural disasters are often frightening and difficult for us to understand, because we have no control over when and where they happen. What we can control is how prepared we are as communities and governments to deal with the dangers that natural disasters bring.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Places that are more likely to have natural disasters, such as the earthquake-prone Pacific Ring of Fire, or coastal areas vulnerable to hurricanes, require accurate methods of predicting disasters and warning the public quickly. Once the people have been informed, evacuation routes must be provided so that they can all leave quickly and safely, even if they travel by foot. Emergency warnings and evacuation plans are not enough, though. Where there is a high risk of earthquakes, buildings need to be strong and flexible enough to survive a quake without collapsing. Where hurricanes and flooding are a problem, levees and dams must be strong enough to hold floodwaters, and natural drainage systems must be maintained to allow waters to flow back into the ocean. The failure of the levee and drainage systems was responsible for most of the destruction and flooding in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina in 2005. It was the poor planning of evacuation routes and assistance for those trapped by the flooding that resulted in the many tragic fatalities.<br />
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People need to be educated on the risks in their area, and what to do when a disaster strikes. After a disaster, even if no one has died, there is a lot of damage to people' homes, farms and workplaces that must be repaired. This takes a lot of time and money to fix, and a country damaged by a disaster usually needs a large amount of international help to get better. Donated food, clothing, medicine and experienced professionals are all important when there is a disaster, but when the emergency is over it can take years to rebuild and make sure that future disasters can be managed. The boxing-day tsunami which devastated Indonesia and the 2005 earthquake in Kashmir, Pakistan were both natural disasters whose effects were made worse by underdeveloped infrastructure and widespread poverty. Tsunamis, earthquakes, hurricanes or any other natural disaster can't be avoided, but with good preparation and well-organized help after the fact, it is possible to survive and go back to normal life afterwards.</span></div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc292473564"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473380"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292794259"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292350797"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794259;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473380;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473564;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2.0 </span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292350797;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794259;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473380;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473564;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Definition of terms</span></span></span></span></span><a href="" name="_Toc292794260"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292350798"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292350798;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794260;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292350798;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794260;"><a href="" name="_Toc292473565"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473381"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473565;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">2.1 A </span></span></a></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292350798;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794260;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473381;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473565;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">natural disaster</span></span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473565;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473381;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794260;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292350798;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is the effect of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_hazard" title="Natural hazard"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">natural hazard</span></a> (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood" title="Flood"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">flood</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tornado</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane" title="Hurricane"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hurricane</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" title="Volcanic eruption"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">volcanic eruption</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">earthquake</span></a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">landslide</span></a>). It leads to financial, environmental or human losses. The resulting loss depends on the vulnerability of the affected population to resist the hazard, also called their resilience.<sup> </sup>(Bankoff, Frerks, Hillhorst, 2003) This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vulnerability</span></a>."<sup> </sup>(B.wisner, 2004) A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g. strong earthquakes in uninhabited areas<sup> </sup>luis flores(2008) The term <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">natural</span> has consequently been disputed because the events simply are not hazards or disasters without human involvement.<sup> </sup>D.alexander, 2002) A concrete example of the division between a natural hazard and a natural disaster is that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1906 San Francisco earthquake</span></a> was a disaster, whereas earthquakes are a hazard.</span></div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc292473566"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473382"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292794261"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292350799"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794261;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473382;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473566;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2 Mitigation</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc292473567"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473383"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Climate change mitigation</span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> is action to decrease the intensity of </span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">radioactive forcing</span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> in order to reduce the potential effects of </span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">global warming</span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitigation_of_global_warming#cite_note-0"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><sup><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[6]</span></sup></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Mitigation is distinguished from </span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_to_global_warming" title="Adaptation to global warming"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">adaptation to global warming</span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, which involves acting to tolerate the </span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" title="Effects of global warming"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">effects of global warming</span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. Most often, </span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation_scenarios" title="Climate change mitigation scenarios"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">climate change mitigation scenarios</span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> involve reductions in the </span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrations" title="Concentrations"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">concentrations</span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> of </span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gases" title="Greenhouse gases"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">greenhouse gases</span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, either by reducing their </span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions#Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sources</span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitigation_of_global_warming#cite_note-ReferenceB-1"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><sup><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[7]</span></sup></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> or by increasing their </span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sinks</span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473567;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473383;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></h1><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The UN defines mitigation in the context of climate change, as a human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. Examples include using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fossil fuels</span></a> more efficiently for industrial processes or electricity generation, switching to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">renewable energy</span></a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">solar energy</span></a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">wind power</span></a>), improving the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">insulation of buildings</span></a>, and expanding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest" title="Forest"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">forests</span></a> and other "sinks" to remove greater amounts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">carbon dioxide</span></a> from the atmosphere.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitigation_of_global_warming#cite_note-2"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[8]</span></a></sup></span></div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc292473568"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473384"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292794262"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292350800"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794262;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473384;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473568;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.0 Types of natural disasters.</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc292473569"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473385"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292794263"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292350801"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794263;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473385;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473569;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.1 Volcanic eruptions</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></span></h1><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanoe" title="Volcanoe"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473570;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473386;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Volcanoes</span></span></span></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473386"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473570"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473570;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473386;"> can cause widespread destruction and consequent disaster through several ways. The effects include the </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473570;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473386;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">volcanic eruption</span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473570;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473386;"> itself that may cause harm following the explosion of the volcano or the fall of rock. Second, </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473570;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473386;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lava</span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473570;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473386;"> may be produced during the eruption of a volcano. As it leaves the volcano the lava destroys any buildings and plants it encounters. Third, </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473570;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473386;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">volcanic ash</span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473570;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473386;"> generally meaning the cooled ash - may form a cloud, and settle thickly in nearby locations. When mixed with water this forms a concrete-like material. In sufficient quantity ash may cause roofs to collapse under its weight but even small quantities will harm humans if inhaled. Since the ash has the consistency of ground glass it causes abrasion damage to moving parts such as engines. The main killer of humans in the immediate surrounding of a volcanic eruption is the </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_flows" title="Pyroclastic flows"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473570;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473386;"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pyroclastic flows</span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473570;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473386;">, which consist of a cloud of hot volcanic ash which builds up in the air above the volcano and rushes down the slopes when the eruption no longer supports the lifting of the gases.</span></span> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">A specific type of volcano is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">super volcano</span></a>. According to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory" title="Toba catastrophe theory"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Toba catastrophe theory</span></a> 70 to 75 thousand years ago a super volcanic event at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Toba" title="Lake Toba"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lake Toba</span></a> reduced the human population to 10,000 or even 1,000 breeding pairs creating a bottleneck in human evolution. It also killed three quarters of all plant life in the northern hemisphere. The main danger from a super volcano is the immense cloud of ash which has a disastrous global effect on climate and temperature for many years.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sudden</span> violence of volcanic <a href="http://library.thinkquest.org/17457/glossary/glossary.html#eruption"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">eruptions</span></a> causes catastrophe and devastation. Various notorious eruptions of <a href="http://library.thinkquest.org/17457/glossary/glossary.html#volcano"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">volcanoes</span></a> in the past, such as <a href="http://library.thinkquest.org/17457/volcanoes/effects.pelee.php"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mount Pelée</span></a>, <a href="http://library.thinkquest.org/17457/volcanoes/effects.tambora.php"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tambora</span></a>, <a href="http://library.thinkquest.org/17457/volcanoesdb/index.php?action=name&name=Krakatau"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Krakatau</span></a> and <a href="http://library.thinkquest.org/17457/volcanoes/effects.pinatubo.php"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pinatubo</span></a> have demonstrated the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">devastating impact</span> of volcanic activity on nearby landscapes and communities. Many people got killed. A big number of people had to abandon their homes and land forever. Even the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">whole world's climate</span> was changed for a while as a result of an eruption! </div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"> <a href="" name="_Toc292794264"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292350802"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794264;"></span></a></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292350802;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794264;"><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">3.2 Earthquakes</span></b></span></span><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">An <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">earthquake</span></a> is a sudden shake of the Earth's crust caused by the tectonic plates colliding. The vibrations may vary in magnitude. The underground point of origin of the earthquake is called the "focus". The point directly above the focus on the surface is called the “epicenter". Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife. It is usually the secondary events that they trigger, such as building collapse, fires, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tsunamis</span></a> (seismic sea waves) and volcanoes, which are actually the human disaster. Many of these could possibly be avoided by better construction, safety systems, early warning and evacuation planning. Earthquakes are caused by the discharge of energy accumulated along geologic fault.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Some of the most significant earthquakes in recent times include: The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</span></a>, the third largest earthquake in recorded history, registering a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">moment magnitude</span></a> of 9.1-9.3. The huge <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tsunamis</span></a> triggered by this earthquake cost the lives of at least 229,000 people.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Most earthquake-related deaths are caused by the collapse of structures and the construction practices play a tremendous role in the death toll of an earthquake. Although probably the most important, direct shaking effects are not the only hazard associated with earthquakes, other effects such as landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis have also played important part in destruction produced by earthquakes.</div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc292473571"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473387"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292794265"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292350803"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794265;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473387;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473571;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.0 Estimating Hazards</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Preparing structures (either new or old) for earthquakes is expensive and the level of investment is a social and political decision. The choice of building design is a compromise between appearances, function, structure, strength, and of course, cost. Standards are instituted through the establishment of Building Codes, which regulate the design and construction of buildings. Most of our building codes are designed to protect first the building occupants, and second the building integrity. Building codes are usually drafted to meet the demands of the expected shaking in a given region that are summarized by seismologists and earthquake engineers in hazards maps. Hazard maps are constructed by examining</div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The earthquake history of the region to estimate the probability of an earthquake </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The expected shaking intensity produced by the earthquake (often expressed as a peak acceleration) </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The frequency of the shaking, the distance from the fault </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The regional geology and site conditions </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">To estimate the maximum level of shaking expected during the lifetime of a building. Constructing accurate hazard maps is a challenge and remains the focus of much Geosciences research. </span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc292473572"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473388"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292794268"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292350806"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794268;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473388;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473572;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">5.0 Volcanic eruptions effect</b></span></span></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Explosive volcanic eruptions pose both short-term and long-term hazards. Lava flows and lahars can wipe out the flanks of mountainsides. Volcanic ash can blanket the landscape for miles, and ash clouds can disrupt aircraft travel, such as the incident in 1989 when ash from Alaska's Redoubt volcano temporarily disabled a passenger airplane. On longer time scales, eruptions can inject massive quantities of ash into the atmosphere, greatly reducing the solar heating of the Earth and potentially interrupting the global food supply for several years. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In 1991, Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted, and strong winds spread the aerosol particles from the plume around the globe. The result was a measurable cooling of the Earth's surface for a period of almost two years. The role of natural hazards research and developing applications to mitigate the effects of disasters has global implications for reducing loss and saving lives.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc292473573"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473389"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292794269"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473389;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473573;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">6.0 Mitigation measures</b></span></span></a></div><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc292473574"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473390"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292794270"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292350807"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794270;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473390;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473574;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6.1 Volcanic Risk Mitigation Plan</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Volcano risk management aims to lessen the effects of volcanic hazards such as eruptions, lahars (mud flows) and ash fall by planning for evacuation (where necessary), response and recovery. Risk mitigation plans define the roles of Environment and the community in managing the impacts of potential natural hazard events. <br clear="all" /> <br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Environment Volcano Risk Mitigation Plan aims to achieve efficient and effective volcano risk management through:</div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">clarifying the volcano management roles and responsibilities of various agencies </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dealing with the adverse effects of volcanic activity and the management options for minimizing them</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Planning for response, recovery, monitoring and review activities. </span></li>
</ul><h1 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="_Toc292473575"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473391"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473575;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">7.0 Summary</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Natural disasters have a significant economic, social, environmental and political impact on the community. While some of the impacts of natural disasters can be mitigated, the risk cannot be completely eliminated. Therefore, decisions regarding what risks are acceptable need to be made by those involved in managing natural hazard impacts. However, a single event, such as a moderate earthquake in Sydney, could change the historical picture of natural hazards. It is for this reason that modeling potential impacts for a full range of small through to extreme events, and considering the potential impacts of climate change is important. The study of prehistoric impacts of natural hazards can be useful in extending the knowledge provided by historical records. The socioeconomic cost and natural disaster policy, as much as the spatial and temporal distribution of both hazards and communities, need to be considered when managing the impact of natural disasters. A hazard develops into a disaster when it has a widespread or concentrated negative impact on people. While Australia’s growing economy and technological advances may assist in managing disasters, they also make communities more vulnerable to the potential impact of hazards. This occurs through the increase and concentration of the population and the built environment, and a greater reliance on infrastructure such as power and water supplies. The difficulty of measuring the actual impact of a natural disaster on the community continues to be a major challenge because of the complexities in assessing loss. Intangible losses, such as destruction of personal memorabilia and the effects of post-disaster stress, are particularly difficult to measure. Though insured losses are the most easily captured, they are only a small proportion of total losses. These challenges need to be kept in mind when measuring and communicating ‘impact’. A key to reducing the overall risk is for those who play a role in the management of natural hazards to work closely with the wider community, as well as with each other<a href="" name="_Toc292794272"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292350809"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794272;"></span></a></span></div><h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292350809;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292794272;"><a href="" name="_Toc292473576"></a><a href="" name="_Toc292473392"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc292473576;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reference:</span></span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bankoff, G. Frerks, D. Hilhorst (2003). <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People</span>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: magenta; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Check how you reference APA; if it’s a textbook, italicize or underline the title, if it’s a journal italicize the name of the journal etc….</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: magenta; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">You don’t number references in this case; so, remove the numbers</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: magenta; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">In referencing, we only start using a surname…..so, we cant start a reference with a B…………so start with the surname.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: magenta; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">NB: The references that are here(reference list)……should have appeared inside the text; you cant have a reference here, yet it doesn’t appear anywhere in the text. You can check previous assignments or proposals. <span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">B. Wisner, P. Blaikie, T. Cannon, and I. Davis (2004). <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">At Risk - Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters</span>. Wiltshire: Routledge.<span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Luis Flores Ballesteros. "What determines a disaster?" 54 Pesos Sep 2008:54 Pesos 11 Sep 2008. <<a href="http://54pesos.org/2008/09/11/what-determines-a-disaster/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://54pesos.org/2008/09/11/what-determines-a-disaster/</span></a>></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">D. Alexander (2002). <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Principles of Emergency planning and Management</span>. Harpended: Terra publishing.<span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">USGS Earthquake Details. United States Geological Survey. <a href="http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010tfan/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010tfan/</span></a>. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/AppData/Local/Desktop/IPCC%20Glossary%20Working%20Group%20III,%20p.%20818%22"><span style="color: windowtext;">IPCC Glossary Working Group III, p. 818"</span></a> (PDF). <a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/glossary/ar4-wg3.pdf"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/glossary/ar4-wg3.pdf</span></a>. Retrieved 2010-08-26.<span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="color: magenta; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">^</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Molina, M.</span></a>; Zaelke, D.; Sarmac, K. M.; Andersen, S. O.; Ramanathane, V.; Kaniaruf, D. (2009). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="color: magenta; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">What are this marks just before molina…..</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitigation_of_global_warming#cite_ref-2"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">^</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <a href="http://unfccc.int/essential_background/glossary/items/3666.php"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">"Glossary of climate change acronyms"</span></a>. Unfccc.int. 1997-11-30. <a href="http://unfccc.int/essential_background/glossary/items/3666.php"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://unfccc.int/essential_background/glossary/items/3666.php</span></a>. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitigation_of_global_warming#cite_ref-schneider2004anl_3-0"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">^</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Schneider" title="Stephen Schneider"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Schneider, Stephen H.</span></a> (2004). <a href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/9/59/2482280.pdf"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">"Abrupt non-linear climate change, irreversibility and surprise"</span></a>. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Environmental_Change&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Global Environmental Change (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Global Environmental Change</span></a></span> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Elsevier</span></a>) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">14</span> (3): 245–258. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">This paragraph has been referenced wrongly….</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">is the effect of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_hazard" title="Natural hazard"><span style="color: red; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">natural hazard</span></a> (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood" title="Flood"><span style="color: red; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">flood</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado"><span style="color: red; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tornado</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane" title="Hurricane"><span style="color: red; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hurricane</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" title="Volcanic eruption"><span style="color: red; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">volcanic eruption</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake"><span style="color: red; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">earthquake</span></a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide"><span style="color: red; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">landslide</span></a>). It leads to financial, environmental or human losses. The resulting loss depends on the vulnerability of the affected population to resist the hazard, also called their resilience.<sup> </sup>(Bankoff, Frerks, Hillhorst, 2003) This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability"><span style="color: red; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">vulnerability</span></a>."<sup> </sup>(B.wisner, 2004) A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g. strong earthquakes in uninhabited areas<sup> </sup>luis flores(2008) The term <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">natural</span> has consequently been disputed because the events simply are not hazards or disasters without human involvement.<sup> </sup>D.alexander, 2002) A concrete example of the division between a natural hazard and a natural disaster is that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake"><span style="color: red; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1906 San Francisco earthquake</span></a> was a disaster, whereas earthquakes are a hazard.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: magenta; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">We only use surname in referencing and not initials……ask Zachary ….all the references here should appear at the back in the reference list.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: magenta; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">NB: The other thing I would like you to note is that you should have at least two citations in every page of your work…..if you don’t have at least one citation in every page; then it implies that work may not be very academic. As such, do not just copy paste information without showing the sources through the references…….the entire part 2 of the assignment whould have citations like the above paragraph. Make sure all the citations in the text, appear in the reference list.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: magenta; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">You can check previous assignments; like the assignment that we printed yesterday since it’s the same for Kamau…..check how the referencing was done and try and adopt that in this document. I know you can do it. So, at least you can use that assignment as a sample of how to reference because that’s the problem.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: magenta; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Work on this amendments and then reforward the assignment. Make sure there is flow and coherence in your section 2. </span></div><br />
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At times it was my age, at other times it was the limitations of the country I live in and at other times it was just a lack of money needed. You cannot regard earning an additional income as a very easy way because I must tell you that it does involve work at times. So you can read my post about how to <a href="http://www.3arn.net/make-easy-money-online/">make easy money online</a> if you want to know about that instead.<br />
After a lot of trial and error I have in fact earned extra money. So the first thing you need to understand is that I’m talking about earning excess money. The difference is that earning extra money is the additional chunks of cash that can supplement your income. Not to be your basic source of income, although you may refer to the last lines of the article. The main feature of making additional money is that it doesn’t involve loads of hard work or knowledge.<br />
<h3>Using Ebay To Earn Extra Money</h3>When it comes to earning additional cash the first thing that ever came into my mind was Ebay. So how you make money with ebay is pretty darn simple. To sum it up in 13 words: Ebay is an online marketplace where you can buy and sell products online. You can earn money with ebay by just selling off items in your house that are no longer in use. Not only can you make additional income but you might as well pull in your entire income with this way.<br />
<h3>Using Paid To Click Websites To Earn Extra Money</h3>Though I do not recommend to rely on this as a permanent or reliable source of extra wealth but the only reason I’m recommending it now is because it is really easy. You can read my review about using it to <a href="http://www.3arn.net/making-money-on-internet-for-beginners/">making money on the internet</a>. You can also read reviews about <a href="http://www.3arn.net/buxto/">bux.to</a> and <a href="http://www.3arn.net/clixsense/">clixsense</a> which are two good recommended paid to click websites.<br />
<h3>Providing Easy Services To Earn Extra Money</h3>There is a whole list of services you could provide to people but listed below are the most easiest and the highest returns compared to the work you put into it:<br />
<ol><li><strong>Make Money Writing</strong>: If <span style="text-decoration: line-through;">you’re a good writer</span> you can write then you can easily pull in a few hundred dollars a month. You can usually make up to $5 per article which is usually 500+ words and unique. You can contact webmasters on forums to let them know about your services.</li>
<li><strong>Acquiring Tedious Jobs</strong>: Many times I’ve seen threads in forums put up by webmasters offering money to people for doing some tedious jobs. It might include copy/pasting stuff or editing loads of documents. There are mostly some of these jobs available in the forums and you can check them out by visiting famous forums like digital point.</li>
<li><strong>Blog Commenting</strong>: As we webmasters know, blog commenting can be quite useful in a website’s growth and hence many webmasters also look for ways to outsource this. You can usually put up a thread telling about your services and charge fees like $10 for 20 comments or similar. It shouldn’t be hard to get in some extra 30 dollars a month.</li>
<li><strong>Promotion Services</strong>: Recently after the use of twitter grew I’ve been seeing many people trying to make profits. This is among the best ways to <a href="http://www.3arn.net/earn-extra-money-online/">make extra money</a>. Example: Andrew has a twitter profile has around 5000 followers all targeted in the sports niche and he is active and so is his following. Andrew goes to a forum and offers a 1 line review plus link to a website in the sports niche for $50. Andrew gets a couple of requests a month and makes around $500 per month easily.</li>
<li><strong>Contest Participating</strong>: You might want to check in for contests which are always running around the web. Recently, I saw one for $500 and an iPod Nano. Which is not a bad thing at all if you see the easy thing you have to do to be entered as a participant.</li>
</ol>The list goes on and in fact I have way more than just those listed. But I tried to keep the list open to anyone. It can help anyone make some spare money for saving for a rainy day. I also tried to make sure it did not involve any costs and most importantly was extremely easy to apply and get it working. If you have any more really easy ways to create an additional stream of income then let me know and if it’s good enough you might get credit for it.<br />
Take initiative on the list and I will not be surprised if you came back after a few months telling me that you’re making an extra $500 per month. This may prove to be even more beneficial to those people who keep checking their Adsense accounts every hour just to find that they earned $0.01 today. Now you’ve learned how to make extra money, it’s time to act. Get a hold of yourself as well as this list and get going</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">ADVANCED DATA TECHNOLOGIES
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</tbody></table></form></div></div><span id="article_rate">Rating </span> </div><img alt="On September 5, 2008 Beijing Olympic Games marathon champion Samuel Wanjiru (left) of Kenya shows his gold medal. Centre: His Nyahuru home. Right: His wife Trizah Njeri is consoled by a friend outside the town mortuary on May 16, 2011. Photos/JOSEPH KURIA and FILE" class="photo_article" src="http://www.nation.co.ke/image/view/-/1163876/highRes/261694/-/maxw/600/-/wvy2m0/-/wanjiru+pic.jpg" /> <div id="photo_article_caption"> On September 5, 2008 Beijing Olympic Games marathon champion Samuel Wanjiru (left) of Kenya shows his gold medal. Centre: His Nyahuru home. Right: His wife Trizah Njeri is consoled by a friend outside the town mortuary on May 16, 2011. Photos/JOSEPH KURIA and FILE</div><div id="articlemeta"> By DAVID MACHARIA dmacharia@ke.nationmedia.com and JAMES KARIUKI jkariuki@ke.nationmedia.com<br />
Posted Monday, May 16 2011 at 22:30</div><br />
<div>World marathon champion Sammy Wanjiru died in unclear circumstances on Monday amid sensational revelations about his troubled family life.</div><div id="article_related"> <div class="newstype">Image Gallery</div><a href="http://www.nation.co.ke/sports/-/1090/671118/-/jdxuo5z/-/index.html"> <img alt="" class="video_preview " id="photo_embed" src="http://www.nation.co.ke/image/view/-/1163782/medRes/261572/-/h/100/w/160/-/s3asw7/-/DNNyahururuWanjiru1605g.jpg" /> </a> <div class="newstype">Related Stories</div><ul class="newslist"><li><a href="http://www.ntv.co.ke/News/Did+society+let+young+Wanjiru+down/-/471778/1163844/-/vtxtrc/-/index.html">NTV VIDEO: Did society let young Wanjiru down?</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Editorial/Wanjiru+death+a+lesson+for+sports+organisers+/-/440804/1163696/-/d7bviv/-/index.html">EDITORIAL: Wanjiru death a lesson for sports organisers </a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/1163918/-/10x6x35z/-/index.html">How the media broke the story</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.nation.co.ke/sports/athletics/World+mourns+Wanjirus+death+/-/1100/1163816/-/bc4ksj/-/index.html">World mourns Olympic champ Wanjiru’s death </a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Generous+champ+would+smash+glasses/-/1056/1163908/-/va4cd9z/-/index.html">Generous champ would smash glasses</a></li>
</ul></div><div>Wanjiru, at only 24, was one of the world’s greatest marathon talents. He had won four top marathons — the London, New York and Chicago races as well as the Olympics in Beijing.</div><div>According to police accounts, Wanjiru leapt to his death from the first floor balcony of his Nyahururu home on Sunday night.</div><div>His wife, Triza Njeri had returned to Nyahururu unexpectedly and found him in bed with another woman, according to these accounts.</div><div>There was a quarrel and his wife locked the door from outside. Wanjiru, wanting to reach out to his wife, found the door locked and opted to jump down the balcony, police claimed.</div><div>Earlier in the day, police were generally unsuspicious and seemed satisfied that Wanjiru committed suicide. </div><div>But they later said they were making inquiries to establish whether he set out to kill himself by jumping.</div><div>Some of his friends and relatives said he was so troubled by his marriage, that he had sent an SMS threatening to kill himself.</div><div>But his coach, Dr Federico Rosa, said suicide was out of the question. He had spoken to him on Saturday and he was relaxed and happy and looking forward to races later in the year, the coach said.</div><div>Top security officers in Nyahururu Town, including Nyahururu DC Lucy Mulili, Nyandarua OCPD Jaspher Ombati and DCIO Isaac Onyango, met the family, led by the athlete’s mother, Ms Hanna Wanjiru.</div><div>Fellow athletes, some who visited the family, offered to pay some of the funeral expenses. They included world champions Janeth Jepkosgei and Gregory Konchella and marathoners Duncan Kibet and Matthew Kisorio.</div><div>Former world champion Charles Kamathi and other Nyahururu based athletes were also there. Wanjiru was a well-off athlete and had invested in property in Nakuru, Nyahururu and Nairobi.</div><div><strong>Large crowd gathered</strong></div><div>A large crowd gathered at the Nyahururu district mortuary, shocked by the sudden death of a local as well as international sports hero.</div><div>Wanjiru was facing a charge of illegal possession of a firearm, which was to be heard on May 23. His wife and watchman had withdrawn their complaints in an assault case against him and charges were dropped. </div><div>Police appeared to oscillate between suicide and accident. Mr Ombati’s theory was that Wanjiru’s death was accidental and occurred as he tried to “reach out to” his wife.</div><div>Njeri had arrived earlier from Nairobi and surprised her husband who had taken another wife to their home, he said. She let herself in using a spare key and words were exchanged.</div><div>Njeri, he said, locked a metal grill on the staircase leading to the bedrooms. “Wanjiru could not go out through the staircase. He opted to jump from the top floor balcony, but hit the concrete floor,” said the OCPD. </div><div>Mr Ombati said the runner sustained serious injuries and started bleeding from the mouth as frantic efforts were made to take him to hospital where he was pronounced dead on arrival. </div><div>Mr Jacob Kanake and the regional CID boss, Mr Isaac Onyango, said doctors at the Nyahururu District Hospital tried to resuscitate him in vain.</div><div id="article_tools"> <div id="dropshare"> </div><div id="dropshare"><a href="http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Marathon+stars+widows+united+in+mourning+/-/1056/1163944/-/item/1/-/kng1coz/-/com.coremedia.mauritius.cae.contentbeans.MauArticleImpl$$%5Bid=1163944%5D&title=Marathon%20star%E2%80%99s%20%E2%80%98widows%E2%80%99%20united%20in%20mourning" title="Submit to Twitter"> </a><div id="recommend_1163944"><form action="/page/recommend/DailyNation/News/Marathon+stars+widows+united+in+mourning+/-/1056/1163944/-/view/emailForm/-/d4d81xz/-/index.html" id="emailForm_recommend" method="post"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 240px;"><tbody>
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</tbody></table></form></div></div><span id="article_rate">Rating </span> </div><img alt="Triza Njeri (left), Ms Judy Wambui (centre) and international athlete Mary Wacera. Photos/WANJIRU MACHARIA and SULEIMAN MBATIAH" class="photo_article" src="http://www.nation.co.ke/image/view/-/1163948/medRes/261700/-/maxw/600/-/112ffefz/-/DNNyahururuWanjiru1605y.jpg" /> <div id="photo_article_caption"> Triza Njeri (left), Ms Judy Wambui (centre) and international athlete Mary Wacera. Photos/WANJIRU MACHARIA and SULEIMAN MBATIAH </div><div id="articlemeta"> By DAVID MACHARIA dmacharia@ke.nationmedia.com and JAMES KARIUKI karuiki@ke.nationmedia.com<br />
Posted Monday, May 16 2011 at 21:46</div><br />
<div>She added that Wanjiru had big plans for her and her unborn child and that they had been together with for five years. </div><div>“He told me to resign from my work as a receptionist two years ago and promised to establish a business for me after I deliver our child,” she added. </div><div>“It is unfortunate that he has gone before the arrival of a child that he promised to love unconditionally,” she lamented. </div><div>Ms Wambui said that Wanjiru visited her parents last December and agreed on how he was going to pay dowry.</div><div>The woman, who is due in September, said they had plans to wed at the District Commissioner’s office next December after visiting Wanjiru’s parents. </div><div>“He had also promised to buy me a home and move me out of my rented house before the arrival of our baby,” she added. </div><div>She described Wanjiru as a caring and loving husband who was humble.</div><a class="btn-black" href="http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Marathon+stars+widows+united+in+mourning+/-/1056/1163944/-/item/0/-/kng1cpz/-/index.html"> </a><a class="btn-black" href="http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Marathon+stars+widows+united+in+mourning+/-/1056/1163944/-/item/0/-/kng1cpz/-/index.html"><span></span></a><br />
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<div id="topstuff"></div><ol id="rso"><li class="g w0 knavi" style="position: relative;"><div class="vsc"><span class="tl"><h3 class="r"><a class="l noline" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"><i>PlayStation</i> 2 - Wikipedia, the <i>free</i> encyclopedia</a></h3><button class="vspib"></button></span><br />
<div class="s">From Wikipedia, the <i>free</i> encyclopedia. Jump to: navigation, <i>search</i> <b>....</b> See <i>also</i><wbr></wbr>: List of <i>PlayStation</i> 2 <i>games</i>, List of <i>PlayStation games</i> incompatible <b>...</b> Instead of having a unified, subscription-based <i>online</i> service <i>like Xbox</i> Live, <b>....</b> "guitar" controllers (for the Guitar Freaks series and <i>Guitar Hero</i> series), <b>...</b><br />
<span class="f"><cite>en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<b>PlayStation</b>_2</cite> - <span class="gl"><a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:huyw7_JCSvEJ:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2+The+latest+in+games+and+game+consoles+like+Xbox,+Play+Station,+PS2,+Guitar+Hero,+casino+and+poker+games,+and+free+online+are+also+highly+searched.&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ke&source=www.google.co.ke">Cached</a> - <a href="http://www.google.co.ke/search?hl=en&q=related:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2+The+latest+in+games+and+game+consoles+like+Xbox,+Play+Station,+PS2,+Guitar+Hero,+casino+and+poker+games,+and+free+online+are+also+highly+searched.&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=yiDOTcDNL9GDhQf4xtzyDA&ved=0CB0QHzAA">Similar</a></span></span></div></div><span id="knavm" style="padding-top: 0px;" title="Use the up and down arrow keys to select each result. Press Enter to go to the selection.">►</span></li>
<li class="g w0 knavi"><div class="vsc"><span class="tl"><h3 class="r"><a class="l" href="http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/455970/the_most_searched_things_on_the_internet.html">The Most <i>Searched</i> Things on the Internet - Associated Content from <b>...</b></a></h3><button class="vspib"></button></span><br />
<div class="s">26 Nov 2007 <b>...</b> The <i>latest</i> in <i>games</i> and <i>game consoles like Xbox</i>, <i>Play Station</i>, <i>PS2</i>, <i>Guitar Hero</i>, <i>casino</i> and <i>poker games</i>, and <i>free online</i> are <i>also highly</i> <b>...</b><br />
<span class="f"><cite><span class="bc">www.associatedcontent.com › <a href="http://www.google.co.ke/url?url=http://www.associatedcontent.com/technology/&rct=j&sa=X&ei=yiDOTcDNL9GDhQf4xtzyDA&ved=0CCMQ6QUoADAB&q=The+latest+in+games+and+game+consoles+like+Xbox,+Play+Station,+PS2,+Guitar+Hero,+casino+and+poker+games,+and+free+online+are+also+highly+searched.&usg=AFQjCNG3VS35iZvwlwvMjEGzCjM-xdBWUA">Technology</a></span></cite> - <span class="gl"><a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:oGrnaOcesqgJ:www.associatedcontent.com/article/455970/the_most_searched_things_on_the_internet.html+The+latest+in+games+and+game+consoles+like+Xbox,+Play+Station,+PS2,+Guitar+Hero,+casino+and+poker+games,+and+free+online+are+also+highly+searched.&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ke&source=www.google.co.ke">Cached</a> - <a href="http://www.google.co.ke/search?hl=en&q=related:www.associatedcontent.com/article/455970/the_most_searched_things_on_the_internet.html+The+latest+in+games+and+game+consoles+like+Xbox,+Play+Station,+PS2,+Guitar+Hero,+casino+and+poker+games,+and+free+online+are+also+highly+searched.&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=yiDOTcDNL9GDhQf4xtzyDA&ved=0CCYQHzAB">Similar</a></span></span></div></div></li>
<li class="g w0 knavi"><div class="vsc"><span class="tl"><h3 class="r"><a class="l" href="http://www.ehow.com/download-games-to-play/">Download <i>Games</i> to <i>Play</i> - How To Information | eHow.com</a></h3><button class="vspib"></button></span><br />
<div class="s">Toontown is an <i>online gaming</i> marketplace where children from eight to 14 years old have <b>....</b> The original <i>PlayStation</i>, <i>also</i> referred to as the <i>PSX</i>, <b>...</b> <i>Guitar Hero</i>, Rockband, and numerous other <i>games</i> make use of the wireless guitar. <b>...</b> The <i>PlayStation</i> 3 video-<i>game console</i> from Sony allows you to play <i>games</i> and <b>...</b><br />
<span class="f"><cite><span class="bc">www.ehow.com › <a href="http://www.google.co.ke/url?url=http://www.ehow.com/toys-and-games/&rct=j&sa=X&ei=yiDOTcDNL9GDhQf4xtzyDA&ved=0CCwQ6QUoADAC&q=The+latest+in+games+and+game+consoles+like+Xbox,+Play+Station,+PS2,+Guitar+Hero,+casino+and+poker+games,+and+free+online+are+also+highly+searched.&usg=AFQjCNG7HpQGGmYtCynJZKv5_xznfmNjIQ">Toys & Games</a></span></cite> - <span class="gl"><a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:mW8Ag736vuAJ:www.ehow.com/download-games-to-play/+The+latest+in+games+and+game+consoles+like+Xbox,+Play+Station,+PS2,+Guitar+Hero,+casino+and+poker+games,+and+free+online+are+also+highly+searched.&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ke&source=www.google.co.ke">Cached</a></span></span></div></div></li>
<li class="g w0 knavi"><div class="vsc"><span class="tl"><h3 class="r"><a class="l" href="http://www.betfromanywhere.com/blog/play-for-cash-video-game-tournament-sites-roundup-xbox-playstation-pc-games/">Cash Competition Video <i>Game</i> Tournament Sites Roundup (<i>Xbox</i> <b>...</b></a></h3><button class="vspib"></button></span><br />
<div class="s">4 <i>Guitar Hero</i> 3 Coming to BlackBerry Mobile Phones Apr 2, 2008 at 11:16 am <b>...</b> If you would <i>like</i> us to visit your area, please contact us (for the time being) <b>...</b> 16 Virgin <i>Gaming</i> to offer $1 million in <i>online gaming</i> prizes Jun 16, 2010 at 2:10 pm <b>...</b> GamerComp.com supports all PC, <i>Xbox</i> 360 and <i>Playstation</i> 3 <i>games</i>! <b>...</b><br />
<span class="f"><cite>www.betfromanywhere.com/.../<b>play</b>-for-cash-video-<b>game</b>-tournament-sites-<wbr></wbr>roundup-<b>xbox</b>-<b>playstation</b>-pc-<b>games</b>/</cite> - <span class="gl"><a href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:A_cvnG2311kJ:www.betfromanywhere.com/blog/play-for-cash-video-game-tournament-sites-roundup-xbox-playstation-pc-games/+The+latest+in+games+and+game+consoles+like+Xbox,+Play+Station,+PS2,+Guitar+Hero,+casino+and+poker+games,+and+free+online+are+also+highly+searched.&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ke&source=www.google.co.ke">Cached</a> - <a href="http://www.google.co.ke/search?hl=en&q=related:www.betfromanywhere.com/blog/play-for-cash-video-game-tournament-sites-roundup-xbox-playstation-pc-games/+The+latest+in+games+and+game+consoles+like+Xbox,+Play+Station,+PS2,+Guitar+Hero,+casino+and+poker+games,+and+free+online+are+also+highly+searched.&tbo=1&sa=X&ei=yiDOTcDNL9GDhQf4xtzyDA&ved=0CDUQHzAD">Similar</a></span></span></div></div></li>
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<div class="center"> <table border="1" class="sgmltable" id="A0933332"><tbody>
<tr> <th align="left" valign="top"> </th> <th align="center" valign="top">Percent of <br />
Internet users <br />
who report <br />
this activity</th> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Send or read email</td> <td align="center" valign="top">92%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Use a search engine to find information</td> <td align="center" valign="top">89</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Search for a map or driving directions</td> <td align="center" valign="top">86</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Look for info on a hobby or interest</td> <td align="center" valign="top">83</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Research a product or service before buying</td> <td align="center" valign="top">81</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Check the weather</td> <td align="center" valign="top">80</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Look for health/medical info</td> <td align="center" valign="top">75</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Get travel info</td> <td align="center" valign="top">73</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Get news</td> <td align="center" valign="top">73</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Buy a product</td> <td align="center" valign="top">71</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Visit a local, state, or federal government website</td> <td align="center" valign="top">66</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Buy or make a reservation for travel</td> <td align="center" valign="top">64</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Surf the Web for fun</td> <td align="center" valign="top">62</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Go to a website that provides info or support for a specific medical condition or personal situation</td> <td align="center" valign="top">58</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Research for school or training</td> <td align="center" valign="top">57</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Watch a video clip or listen to an audio clip</td> <td align="center" valign="top">56</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Look for "how-to," "do-it-yourself," or repair information</td> <td align="center" valign="top">55</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Look online for news or information about politics or the upcoming campaigns</td> <td align="center" valign="top">55</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Look up phone number or address</td> <td align="center" valign="top">54</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Do any banking online</td> <td align="center" valign="top">53</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Watch a video on a video-sharing site like YouTube or GoogleVideo</td> <td align="center" valign="top">52</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Take a virtual tour of a location online</td> <td align="center" valign="top">51</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Do any type of research for your job</td> <td align="center" valign="top">51</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Look online for info about a job</td> <td align="center" valign="top">47</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Get sports scores and info online</td> <td align="center" valign="top">45</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Get info online about a college, university, or other school you or a family member might attend</td> <td align="center" valign="top">45</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Download other files such as games, videos, or pictures</td> <td align="center" valign="top">42</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Get financial info online, such as stock quotes or mortage interest rates</td> <td align="center" valign="top">41</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Send instant messages</td> <td align="center" valign="top">40</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Look for info about a place to live</td> <td align="center" valign="top">39</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Download computer programs from the Internet</td> <td align="center" valign="top">39</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Pay bills online</td> <td align="center" valign="top">38</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Download music files to your computer</td> <td align="center" valign="top">37</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Upload photos to a website so you can share them with others online</td> <td align="center" valign="top">37</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Look for information on Wikipedia</td> <td align="center" valign="top">36</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Send or receive text messages using a cell phone</td> <td align="center" valign="top">35</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Look for religious/spiritual info</td> <td align="center" valign="top">35</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Play online games</td> <td align="center" valign="top">35</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Listen to music online at a website</td> <td align="center" valign="top">34</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Read someone else's online journal, web log, or blog</td> <td align="center" valign="top">33</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Rate a product, service, or person using an online rating system</td> <td align="center" valign="top">32</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Use online classified ads or sites like Craig's list</td> <td align="center" valign="top">32</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Log on to the internet using a wireless device</td> <td align="center" valign="top">30</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Listen to a live or recorded radio broadcast online, such as a newscast, sporting event, or radio show</td> <td align="center" valign="top">29</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Categorize or tag online content like a photo, news story, or blog post</td> <td align="center" valign="top">28</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Search for info about someone you know or might meet</td> <td align="center" valign="top">28</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Pay to access or download digital content online</td> <td align="center" valign="top">28</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Share files from own computer with others</td> <td align="center" valign="top">27</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Download video files to your computer</td> <td align="center" valign="top">27</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Participate in an online auction</td> <td align="center" valign="top">26</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Research your family's history or genealogy online</td> <td align="center" valign="top">25</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Download screensavers from the Internet</td> <td align="center" valign="top">23</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Chat in a chat room or in an online discussion</td> <td align="center" valign="top">22</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Download computer games from the Internet</td> <td align="center" valign="top">21</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Create content for the Internet</td> <td align="center" valign="top">19</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Download a podcast so you can listen to it or view it at a later time</td> <td align="center" valign="top">19</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Make a donation to a charity online</td> <td align="center" valign="top">18</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">View live images online of a remote location or person, using a webcam</td> <td align="center" valign="top">17</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Use an online social networking sites like MySpace, Facebook, or Friendster</td> <td align="center" valign="top">16</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Sell something online</td> <td align="center" valign="top">15</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Visit an adult website</td> <td align="center" valign="top">13</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Take a class online just for personal enjoyment or enrichment</td> <td align="center" valign="top">13</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Participate in an online discussion, a listserv, or other online group that helps people with personal issues or health problems</td> <td align="center" valign="top">12</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Send or receive an invitation to a meeting or party using an online invitation service</td> <td align="center" valign="top">12</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Take a class online for credit toward a degree of some kind</td> <td align="center" valign="top">12</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Create or work on your own online journal or blog</td> <td align="center" valign="top">12</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Take material you find online—like songs, text, or images—and remix it into your own artistic creation</td> <td align="center" valign="top">11</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Buy or sell stocks, bonds, or mutual funds</td> <td align="center" valign="top">11</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Make a phone call online</td> <td align="center" valign="top">8</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Go to a dating website or other site where you can meet people online</td> <td align="center" valign="top">6</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Create an avatar or online representation of yourself</td> <td align="center" valign="top">6</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top">Download or share adult content online</td> <td align="center" valign="top">4</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="source"><i>Source: </i>Pew Internet & American Life Project tracking surveys (July 22, 2008).</div></div><div style="background-color: transparent; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"><br />
Read more: <a href="http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0921862.html#ixzz1MMhitijd" style="color: #003399;">Most Popular Internet Activities — Infoplease.com</a> <a href="http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0921862.html#ixzz1MMhitijd" style="color: #003399;">http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0921862.html#ixzz1MMhitijd</a></div><br />
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Contact 254721554737, EMAIL. MILLIONAREDOLLAR@YAHOO.COM</div>pesapayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02806498962570303245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859261729650591828.post-86212170297546769822011-05-13T23:29:00.001-07:002011-05-13T23:29:44.537-07:00games<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="excerpt">"Earthbound" is a role-playing game released for the Super Nintendo in 1995. Like most RPGs, "Earthbound" is a long game and most players will not be able to finish it in one sitting. Most RPGs...</div><div><br />
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<strong>What did Prince William whisper to Kate?</strong> <a href="http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/sex/buzziest-moments-from-the-royal-wedding-2479368/;_ylt=Ak4y.D_ae90jsLPaYH_HNqSkfqU5" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> According to some lip readers</a>, he told her that she looked beautiful—and then looked at his father-in-law-to-be and quipped, "We were supposed to have just a small family affair."<br />
<strong>Where did the bride and groom go in the middle of the ceremony?</strong> They went to the Shrine of Saint Edward the Confessor, a room inside the Abbey, to sign the wedding registers.<br />
<strong>Why was Prince William wearing red?</strong> Prince William holds an honorary rank of Colonel of the Irish Guards, and he opted to wear an Irish Guard's officer uniform instead of his Royal Air Force uniform. He also wore his Garter sash and star, Royal Air Force "wings," and Golden Jubilee medal.<br />
<strong>Was the bride's dress inspired by Grace Kelly's?</strong> It seems that way; in fact, <a href="http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/beauty/kate-middletons-dress-resembled-grace-kellys-but-just-how-similar-were-they-2479515/#photoViewer=1">Kate's dress looks very much like the one worn by the American actress </a>when she wed Prince Rainier III of Monaco in April 1956. Both Kate's gown and that of Serene Highness the Princess of Monaco had long sleeves, a cinched waist, a figure-hugging bodice, short veils, medium-length trains, and lots of delicate lace.<br />
<strong>What was in the bride's bouquet?</strong> According to <a href="http://us.lrd.yahoo.com/_ylt=AqvYQLcr6VzKuuA9erhPkQKkfqU5/SIG=13s6fepdb/**http%3A//www.officialroyalwedding2011.org./blog/2011/April/29/The-Wedding-Dress--Bridesmaids--Dresses-and-Pages--Uniforms" rel="nofollow"> the official royal wedding website</a>, the bouquet was a shield-shaped collection of Myrtle, Lily-of-the-Valley, Sweet William, Ivy, and Hyacinth. The Myrtle sprigs were from plants grown from the Myrtle used in the wedding bouquets of Queen Victoria in 1845 and Queen Elizabeth in 1947.<br />
<strong>Any hidden messages?</strong> Each bridesmaid had her name and the date of the wedding hand-embroidered into the lining of her dress. The bride and groom could not customize their vows, but they did <a href="http://us.lrd.yahoo.com/_ylt=At39nuYsvtn1oXtPxV9rYdSkfqU5/SIG=14c0ok6km/**http%3A//www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/royal-wedding-watch/post/kate-and-william-wrote-a-wedding-prayer-text/2011/04/28/AF7YFYCF_blog.html" rel="nofollow"> write their own prayer</a>, which was read by Richard Chartres, the Bishop of London, during the ceremony (<a href="http://us.lrd.yahoo.com/_ylt=AvuVJo_dpHgDMbmV.A2QRGekfqU5/SIG=11l0tmieu/**http%3A//cde.cerosmedia.com/1G4db6de7f30814652.cde" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">download a copy of the program here</a>). It was: <em>"God our Father, we thank you for our families; for the love that we share and for the joy of our marriage. In the busyness of each day keep our eyes fixed on what is real and important in life and help us to be generous with our time and love and energy. Strengthened by our union help us to serve and comfort those who suffer. We ask this in the Spirit of Jesus Christ. Amen."</em> And of course, each of those flowers in the bride's bouquet had a special meaning: Lily-of-the-Valley represents the return of happiness, Sweet William stands for gallantry, Hyacinth is for the constancy of love, Myrtle symbolizes marriage and love, and Ivy is for fidelity, marriage, wedded love, friendship, and affection.<br />
<strong>What are the full names of the newlyweds?</strong> Prince Williams of Wales got another set of titles in time for the wedding, according to an announcement <a href="http://us.lrd.yahoo.com/_ylt=AoEscm6JHTzNz85Qh0bIekmkfqU5/SIG=13sodurks/**http%3A//www.officialroyalwedding2011.org./blog/2011/April/29/Titles-announced-for-Prince-William-and-Catherine-Middleton" rel="nofollow"> on the official royal wedding website</a>. His full name is now His Royal Highness Prince William Arthur Philip Louis, Duke of Cambridge, Early of Strathearn, Baron Carrickfergus, Royal Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, Master of Arts. As his wife, the former Miss Catherine Middleton is now Her Royal Highness Princess Catherine Elizabeth, The Duchess of Cambridge. (According to <a href="http://us.lrd.yahoo.com/_ylt=ArxWDJnsb5O1R_.hZQCNWaSkfqU5/SIG=12j7n2dpb/**http%3A//www.royal.gov.uk/ThecurrentRoyalFamily/TheRoyalFamilyname/Overview.aspx" rel="nofollow"> the official website of the British Monarchy,</a> those who have the title of HRH Prince or Princess do not need to use a last name, though theirs is Mountbatten-Windsor.)<br />
<strong>Was Kate wearing Princess Diana's tiara?</strong> No. <a href="http://us.lrd.yahoo.com/_ylt=AjIh1AFfiNq1YusNVP2OtlukfqU5/SIG=1420us65c/**http%3A//www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1279248/Wearing-tiara-caused-Princess-Diana-wedding-day-headache-brother-reveals.html" rel="nofollow"> Diana wore the Spencer Tiara,</a> a family heirloom of ornate, stylized flowers decorated with diamonds in silver settings. The halo-style tiara that Kate wore was Cartier creation belonging to the Queen. King George bought it for the Queen Mother in 1936; the Queen Mother gave it to the Queen on her 18th birthday.<br />
<strong>What about her earrings?</strong> The bride's earrings were designed by Robinson Pelham, according to <a href="http://us.lrd.yahoo.com/_ylt=AoQHLgwxScAoxcpFJb8zi_akfqU5/SIG=13s6fepdb/**http%3A//www.officialroyalwedding2011.org./blog/2011/April/29/The-Wedding-Dress--Bridesmaids--Dresses-and-Pages--Uniforms" rel="nofollow"> the official royal wedding website</a>. They are diamond-set stylized oak leaves that frame a dangling diamond-set drop and pave-set diamond acorn. The earrings, which are a wedding gift to Kate from her parents, were made to match the tiara lent to her by the Queen, and were inspired by the Middleton family's new coat of arms.<br />
<strong>Why did the Middleton family get a new coat of arms? What happened to their old one?</strong> They didn't have a coat of arms before, because they weren't members of the British aristocracy. <a href="http://us.lrd.yahoo.com/_ylt=AmfRgDTWVwALtTJ8lzN9ecKkfqU5/SIG=13ito5j8n/**http%3A//www.officialroyalwedding2011.org/blog/2011/April/19/New-Coat-of-Arms-for-Miss-Middleton-and-her-family" rel="nofollow"> The new coat of arms</a> features three oak-leaf-and-acorn sprigs representing the three Middleton children—Catherine (Kate), Philippa (Pippa), and James. A golden chevron honors Carole Middleton, whose maiden name was Goldsmith, and two thinner, white chevrons represent the mountains and stand for the family's love of the outdoors.<br />
<strong>Who got to be on the balcony at Buckingham Palace with the royal newlyweds?</strong> The bride and groom took center stage, of course, but also appearing before the public were the Queen and Prince Phillip, Prince Charles and his wife Camilla (Duchess of Cornwall), Carole and Richard Middleton, the couple's siblings (Pippa and James Middleton and Prince Harry), the pages (Tom Pettifer and William Lowther-Pinkerton), and the bridesmaids (Eliza Lopez, Grace van Cutsem, The Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor, and the Honourable Margarita Armstrong-Jones. Yes, even some children have titles in England.)<br />
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<strong>Who was that adorable little girl frowning and covering her ears on the balcony during the big kiss?</strong> That's <a href="http://us.lrd.yahoo.com/_ylt=An2X9KpjFGr.HV9KOVIf8nikfqU5/SIG=13uf9t8j4/**http%3A//www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2011/04/meet-grace-van-cutsem-the-tiny-frowning-bridesmaid-who-stole-the-show.html" rel="nofollow"> Prince William's goddaughter,</a> 3-year-old Grace van Cutsem, who was one of the official bridesmaids (there are no "flower girl" roles in traditional British weddings, so children are often included as bridesmaids or pages). She is the daughter of Lady Rose Astor and Hugh van Cutsem, and great-great-great-granddaughter of William Waldorf Astor, a New York-born lawyer and politician who later became a member of the British Aristocracy. (The Waldorf Hotel was one of his pet projects.) Little Grace was also pouting for part of the carriage ride; apparently, the crowd of adoring fans got a little too noisy.<br />
<strong>Are there usually trees in Westminster Abbey?</strong> Kate loves the outdoors and, according to the <a href="http://us.lrd.yahoo.com/_ylt=AgTLk1a7rjqXG6hlX85YFy.kfqU5/SIG=13m07idms/**http%3A//www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1380765/Royal-wedding-2011-Kate-Middleton-Pippa-leave-Berkshire-home.html" rel="nofollow"> Daily Mail</a>, she ordered more than four tons of foliage to create an English country garden setting inside Westminster Abbey, including pyramid-shaped ornamental Hornbeams to frame the choir and a "living avenue" of 20-foot-tall, 15-year-old English Field Maples through which guests walked to their seats. The cost? About 50,000 pounds, or $83,335.<br />
<strong>What music did Kate walk in to? It didn't sound like the wedding march.</strong> The princess walked down the aisle to <a href="http://us.lrd.yahoo.com/_ylt=Am3phqtzmaC9PYka.C2nlqKkfqU5/SIG=12opmmftr/**http%3A//www.mp3rocket.com/mp3/-1_00/Sir-Charles-Hubert-Hastings-Parry-I-Was-Glad.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> "I Was Glad" by Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry</a>, who composed it for the coronation of Prince William's great-great-great grandfather Edward VII in 1902.<br />
<strong>Why didn't Prince William watch his bride walk down the aisle?</strong> Tradition. The groom is the last person to see the bride, and can only do so after she has completed the long walk down the aisle and is at his side. Since the aisle at Westminster Abbey is about 300-feet long, he had at least a four-minute wait at the altar.<br />
However, by all accounts, William <a href="http://buzzlog.yahoo.com/buzzlog/94408/william-sneaks-a-peek">snuck in a quick peek</a> at the wedding dress before Kate arrived beside him. Watch for Harry nudging him to catch a glimpse in the video below (at the :19 second mark).<br />
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The royal wedding didn't just launch Kate Middleton the <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Duchess+of+Cambridge&cs=bz&fr=buzz">Duchess of Cambridge</a> into the spotlight. The extravaganza watched around the world made her younger sister <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Pippa&cs=bz&fr=buzz">Pippa</a>, also decked out in a stunning white <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Alexander+McQueen+&cs=bz&fr=buzz">Alexander McQueen</a> dress, into an overnight celebrity.<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">[ <strong>Photos: </strong><a href="http://royalwedding.yahoo.com/photos/sets/1149/Pippa%27s-maid-of-honor-dress.html">Pippa dazzles in her maid of honor dress</a> ]</div>The <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1382606/Royal-Wedding-A-shake-tail-feather-Pippa-Middleton-goes-global.html#ixzz1LJVxQFkh">Daily Mail</a> called the famous maid of honor "the world's most eligible woman" and sites like <a href="http://royalwedding.yahoo.com/blogs/bauergriffinonline.com">BauerGriffinOnline.com</a> have dedicated galleries to her <a href="http://bauergriffinonline.com/2011/04/pippa-middletons-emerald-perfe.php">scene-stealing green dress</a>. Even Pippa's backside <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1382042/Pippa-Middletons-derriere-Facebook-hit-praise-women.html">gained fame</a> on Facebook. Searches on Yahoo! have soared since the wedding: Fans of Pippa wanted to see "<a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=pippa+middleton+photos&cs=bz&fr=buzz">pippa middleton photos</a>," "<a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=pippa+middleton+dress&cs=bz&fr=buzz">pippa middleton dress</a>." They hope for a romance between "<a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=pippa+middleton+and+prince+harry&cs=bz&fr=buzz">pippa middleton and prince harry</a>" despite the fact that she's already dating Prince William's friend, <a href="http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/sex/pippa-middletons-royal-wedding-date-is-hot-just-an-observation-2478738/">retired cricket star Alex Loudon</a>. She and Loudon, now a banker, have been together since December.<br />
Those who know Pippa, officially <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Philippa+Charlotte+Middleton&cs=bz&fr=buzz">Philippa Charlotte Middleton</a>, would not be surprised by her sudden celebrity. Born in 1983 and raised in <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Bucklebury%2C+Berkshire&cs=bz&fr=buzz">Bucklebury, Berkshire</a>, the tanner of the two sisters easily outshone her older sibling when the two children attended the girls' boarding school Downe House. According to <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Katie+Nicholl&cs=bz&fr=buzz">Katie Nicholl</a>, author of "<a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=The+Making+of+a+Royal+Romance&cs=bz&fr=buzz">The Making of a Royal Romance</a>," "Pippa was the more beautiful of the two of them at that age. But Catherine was more determined, which seemed to set her apart."<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://royalwedding.yahoo.com/photos/sets/1201/Pippa-Middleton%3a-The-early-years.html"><img alt="" class="aligncenter" height="377" src="http://l.yimg.com/a/p/sp/tools/med/2011/05/ipt/1304455927.jpg" title="Click here for more photos of young Pippa." width="300" /></a></div>Pippa followed her 14-year-old sister to the prep school <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Marlborough+College&cs=bz&fr=buzz">Marlborough College</a> in <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Wiltshire%2C+England&cs=bz&fr=buzz">Wiltshire, England</a>, where Nicholl wrote of the sisters, "They were both pretty and very close…they were tall and slim, lean and athletic."<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">[<strong>Photos:</strong> <a href="http://bauergriffinonline.com/2011/05/public-preoccupied-with-pippa.php">Striking photos of Pippa Middleton</a>]</div>The middle Middleton attended <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Edinburgh+University&cs=bz&fr=buzz">Edinburgh University</a> in Scotland where she earned her degree in English, and then joined the family's business, <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Party+Pieces&cs=bz&fr=buzz">Party Pieces</a>.<br />
Plum Sykes observed in the <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1358438/Pippa-Middleton-Kates-Maid-Honour-Has-Prince-William-picked-right-sister.html#ixzz1EONa7YWq">Daily Mail</a> that Pippa gets all of the fun of being close to the monarchy minus any of the "bad bits." Adding, "Pippa is the luckiest one of all. She gets all the right sort of attention from men, fashion designers, hostesses and things, and doesn't have any of the duties."<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">[<strong>Photos: </strong><a href="http://yhoo.it/f56zZi">Pippa's best looks</a>]</div>The stunner was named Tatler magazine's No.1 society singleton in 2008. She is also a <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1088667/Top-shot-Pippa-Middleton-bags-birds-Scotland-hunt--leaves-sore-head.html#ixzz1F8txjqsM">good shot</a>: In the same year the multi-talented Middleton bagged 23 birds, including duck, pheasant, and partridge, while on a weekend holiday in Scotland.<br />
Pippa may also have <a href="http://www.wireimage.com/SearchResults.aspx?igi=334820&s=pippa%20middleton&sfld=C&vwmd=e">paved the way</a> for her sister's chic engagement look. The fashionista was photographed backstage at an <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Issa&cs=bz&fr=buzz">Issa</a> show wearing the designer's wrap dress, similar to the look Kate later wore to announce her plans to marry <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Prince+William&cs=bz&fr=buzz">Prince William</a>.<br />
With Pippa's prospects looking so good, she may soon be donning the Issa dress to make an announcement of her own.<br />
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Contact 254721554737, EMAIL. MILLIONAREDOLLAR@YAHOO.COM</div>pesapayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02806498962570303245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859261729650591828.post-7571011216983311912011-05-13T23:17:00.001-07:002011-05-13T23:17:59.354-07:00Will and Kate’s royal honeymoon: Prepare to be jealous<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">If there was ever a time to abuse their power, it's on their <a href="http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110510/ap_on_en_ot/eu_britain_royal_wedding" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">royal honeymoon</a>. <a href="http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/sex/4-reasons-why-kate-middleton-and-prince-william-will-stay-married-2469217" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Kate and William</a> can go anywhere in the world now that they're newlyweds and they've chosen <a href="http://www.north-island.com/gallery/spa/index.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">North Island</a>: a small, isolated archipelago in the Seychelles owned by a guy named Farhad Vladi. "Yes, we rented the island to the British royal family," Vladi <a href="http://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/articles/830653/holiday-time-william-kate-depart-for-the-royal-honeymoon" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">told a Hamburg newspaper</a>. "Prince William and his Kate are spending their honeymoon there. But you will understand that we are not saying anything further."<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://yhoo.it/lJOMZM"><img alt="Click for more images of William and Kate's honeymoon spot" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-9201" height="323" src="http://l.yimg.com/ep/wpprod/42/2011/05/north-island-thumbnail-withcaption.jpg" title="north-island-thumbnail-withcaption" width="400" /></a></div>Actually, he's already said enough. You'd think after <a href="http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/05/10/entertainment-eu-britain-royal-wedding_8458976.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">brokering deals</a> with Diana Ross and the Shah of Iran, Vladi would know how to keep a secret. Now that he's shared, we don't feel so bad poring over the details of their destination love-nest. Here are some factoids William is probably reading in his Frommer's right now.<br />
<ul><li>North Island is about 600 acres and it's surrounded by cliffs and coconut trees.</li>
<li>There are more tortoises than people on the island. Some are as old as 150.</li>
<li>It's only a boat-ride away from Kate and Will's vacation destination in 2007. They reportedly <a href="http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/sex/5-romantic-secrets-about-will-kate-from-royal-insider-2479026" rel="nofollow"> patched up their relationship</a> at Desroches Island Resort, another luxury escape, which they <a href="http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/relationships/article2293786.ece" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">checked into as</a> "Martin and Rosemary Middleton."</li>
<li> Other celebrities who have vacationed here include Roger Moore (aka James Bond) and Posh and Becks.</li>
<li>P&B chose the location for their getaway in 2009, because "the security makes it like a spy base," a source told the Press Association. Since when do spy bases have thatched roofs?</li>
<li>There are 11 villas that overlook the beach on North Island</li>
<li>Each villa has a plunge pool</li>
<li>And a butler type...not that that's anything new for <a href="http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/life/how-kate-middletons-life-is-now-forever-changed-2479433" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">William</a>.</li>
<li>It's an ethically conscious resort. Here's an example of what that means: the villas are set back from the beach to provide enough distance that they don't disorient the tortoises that lay their eggs in the sand.</li>
<li>That also means you can watch tortoises give birth as you lounge by the ocean. Talk about entertainment.</li>
<li>Guests receive a 20 minute massage upon arrival to "ease" them into island life, according to the North Island website. I'd love to meet the person who's having trouble relaxing.</li>
<li>A movie called "<a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0167456/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Thunderbirds</a>" was shot there . Bill Paxton is in it, case you're wondering.</li>
<li> The bar and restaurant in the villa is built on an upturned tree.</li>
<li>An ecologist who lives on the island offers nature tours for guests. He has a good job.</li>
<li>The gallery attached to this post will make you relaxed at first and then outraged at the fact that only royalty, ecologists and giant turtles get to enjoy this island.</li>
<li>Back in the '70s, the island was only inhabited by rats and cats.</li>
<li>That sounds a lot like most New York City apartments. Maybe there's hope for us yet.</li>
</ul><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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MILLIONAREDOLLAR@YAHOO.COM</div>pesapayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02806498962570303245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859261729650591828.post-31289655580359931612011-05-09T08:45:00.000-07:002011-05-09T08:45:34.757-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24pt;">Rotavirus</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rotavirus</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> is the most common cause of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea"><span style="color: blue;">severe diarrhoea</span></a> among infants and young children,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid11052397-0"><span style="color: blue;">[1]</span></a></sup> and is one of several viruses that cause infections often called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_flu" title="Stomach flu"><span style="color: blue;">stomach flu</span></a>, despite having no relation to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza"><span style="color: blue;">influenza</span></a>. It is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" title="Genus"><span style="color: blue;">genus</span></a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-stranded_RNA_virus" title="Double-stranded RNA virus"><span style="color: blue;">double-stranded RNA virus</span></a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_%28biology%29" title="Family (biology)"><span style="color: blue;">family</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reoviridae" title="Reoviridae"><span style="color: blue;">Reoviridae</span></a>. By the age of five, nearly every child in the world has been infected with rotavirus at least once.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid8793926-1"><span style="color: blue;">[2]</span></a></sup> However, with each infection, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_%28medical%29" title="Immunity (medical)"><span style="color: blue;">immunity</span></a> develops, and subsequent infections are less severe;<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid2849961-2"><span style="color: blue;">[3]</span></a></sup> adults are rarely affected.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid9015109-3"><span style="color: blue;">[4]</span></a></sup> There are five <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species"><span style="color: blue;">species</span></a> of this virus, referred to as A, B, C, D, and E.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-4"><span style="color: blue;">[5]</span></a></sup> Rotavirus A, the most common, causes more than 90% of infections in humans.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The virus is transmitted by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal-oral_route" title="Fecal-oral route"><span style="color: blue;">faecal-oral route</span></a>. It infects and damages the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterocyte" title="Enterocyte"><span style="color: blue;">cells</span></a> that line the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine"><span style="color: blue;">small intestine</span></a> and causes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis"><span style="color: blue;">gastroenteritis</span></a>. Although rotavirus was discovered in 1973<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid4127639-5"><span style="color: blue;">[6]</span></a></sup> and accounts for up to 50% of hospitalisations for severe diarrhoea in infants and children,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid16397429-6"><span style="color: blue;">[7]</span></a></sup> its importance is still not widely known within the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health"><span style="color: blue;">public health</span></a> community, particularly in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country"><span style="color: blue;">developing countries</span></a>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid17919334-7"><span style="color: blue;">[8]</span></a></sup> In addition to its impact on human health, rotavirus also infects animals, and is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen"><span style="color: blue;">pathogen</span></a> of livestock.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid2224836-8"><span style="color: blue;">[9]</span></a></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rotavirus is usually an easily managed disease of childhood, but worldwide more than 500,000 children under five years of age still die from rotavirus infection each year<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-9"><span style="color: blue;">[10]</span></a></sup> and almost two million more become severely ill.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid17919334-7"><span style="color: blue;">[8]</span></a></sup> In the United States, before initiation of the rotavirus vaccination programme, rotavirus caused about 2.7 million cases of severe gastroenteritis in children, almost 60,000 hospitalisations, and around 37 deaths each year.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid17357047-10"><span style="color: blue;">[11]</span></a></sup> Public health campaigns to combat rotavirus focus on providing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy" title="Oral rehydration therapy"><span style="color: blue;">oral rehydration therapy</span></a> for infected children and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination"><span style="color: blue;">vaccination</span></a> to prevent the disease.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid18026034-11"><span style="color: blue;">[12]</span></a></sup></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;">Contents</span></b></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#History"><span style="color: blue;">1 History</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#Signs_and_symptoms"><span style="color: blue;">2 Signs and symptoms</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#Transmission"><span style="color: blue;">3 Transmission</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#Disease_mechanisms"><span style="color: blue;">4 Disease mechanisms</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#Diagnosis_and_detection"><span style="color: blue;">5 Diagnosis and detection</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#Treatment_and_prognosis"><span style="color: blue;">6 Treatment and prognosis</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#Epidemiology"><span style="color: blue;">7 Epidemiology</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#Prevention"><span style="color: blue;">8 Prevention</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#Infections_of_animals"><span style="color: blue;">9 Infections of animals</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#Virology"><span style="color: blue;">10 Virology</span></a> </span></li>
<ul type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#Types_of_rotavirus"><span style="color: blue;">10.1 Types of rotavirus</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#Structure"><span style="color: blue;">10.2 Structure</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#Proteins"><span style="color: blue;">10.3 Proteins</span></a> </span></li>
<ul type="square"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#Structural_proteins"><span style="color: blue;">10.3.1 Structural proteins</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#Nonstructural_viral_proteins"><span style="color: blue;">10.3.2 Nonstructural viral proteins</span></a></span></li>
</ul><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#Replication"><span style="color: blue;">10.4 Replication</span></a></span></li>
</ul><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#See_also"><span style="color: blue;">11 See also</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#References"><span style="color: blue;">12 References</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#External_links"><span style="color: blue;">13 External links</span></a></span></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotavirus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span style="color: blue;">edit</span></a>] History</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flewett_Rotavirus.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="An electron micrograph of a single rotavirus particle; it is round and looks like a wheel" border="0" height="240" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/EASYWO%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" width="208" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flewett_Rotavirus.jpg" title=""Enlarge" "><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/EASYWO%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="15" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">One of Flewett's original electron micrographs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="A single particle it is spherical and has regularly spaced, short protrusions on its surface" border="0" height="193" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/EASYWO%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" width="220" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg" title=""Enlarge" "><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/EASYWO%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="15" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Computer–aided reconstruction of a rotavirus based on several electron micrographs</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In 1943, Jacob Light and Horace Hodes proved that a filterable agent in the faeces of children with infectious diarrhoea also caused scours (livestock diarrhoea) in cattle.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid18015921-12"><span style="color: blue;">[13]</span></a></sup> Three decades later, preserved samples of the agent were shown to be rotavirus.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid184047-13"><span style="color: blue;">[14]</span></a></sup> In the intervening years, a virus in mice<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid4998842-14"><span style="color: blue;">[15]</span></a></sup> was shown to be related to the virus causing scours.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid965097-15"><span style="color: blue;">[16]</span></a></sup> In 1973, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bishop" title="Ruth Bishop"><span style="color: blue;">Ruth Bishop</span></a> described related viruses found in children with gastroenteritis.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid4127639-5"><span style="color: blue;">[6]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid4742237-16"><span style="color: blue;">[17]</span></a></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In 1974, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Flewett" title="Thomas Henry Flewett"><span style="color: blue;">Thomas Henry Flewett</span></a> suggested the name <i>rotavirus</i> after observing that, when viewed through an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope"><span style="color: blue;">electron microscope</span></a>, a rotavirus particle looks like a wheel (<i>rota</i> in Latin);<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid77663-17"><span style="color: blue;">[18]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid4137164-18"><span style="color: blue;">[19]</span></a></sup> the name was officially recognised by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses"><span style="color: blue;">International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</span></a> four years later.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid43850-19"><span style="color: blue;">[20]</span></a></sup> In 1976, related viruses were described in several other species of animals.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid965097-15"><span style="color: blue;">[16]</span></a></sup> These viruses, all causing acute gastroenteritis, were recognised as a collective pathogen affecting humans and animals worldwide.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid77663-17"><span style="color: blue;">[18]</span></a></sup> Rotavirus serotypes were first described in 1980,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid6262451-20"><span style="color: blue;">[21]</span></a></sup> and in the following year, rotavirus from humans was first grown in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture"><span style="color: blue;">cell cultures</span></a> derived from monkey kidneys, by adding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsin" title="Trypsin"><span style="color: blue;">trypsin</span></a> (an enzyme found in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum"><span style="color: blue;">duodenum</span></a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammals" title="Mammals"><span style="color: blue;">mammals</span></a> and now known to be essential for rotavirus to replicate) to the culture medium.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-21"><span style="color: blue;">[22]</span></a></sup> The ability to grow rotavirus in culture accelerated the pace of research, and by the mid-1980s the first candidate vaccines were being evaluated.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-22"><span style="color: blue;">[23]</span></a></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">In 1998, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus_vaccine" title="Rotavirus vaccine"><span style="color: blue;">rotavirus vaccine</span></a> was licensed for use in the United States. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trials" title="Clinical trials"><span style="color: blue;">Clinical trials</span></a> in the United States, Finland, and Venezuela had found it to be 80 to 100% effective at preventing severe diarrhoea caused by rotavirus A, and researchers had detected no <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance"><span style="color: blue;">statistically significant</span></a> serious <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction"><span style="color: blue;">adverse effects</span></a>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid10219046-23"><span style="color: blue;">[24]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid11444025-24"><span style="color: blue;">[25]</span></a></sup> The manufacturer, however, withdrew it from the market in 1999, after it was discovered that the vaccine may have contributed to an increased risk for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intussusception_%28medical_disorder%29" title="Intussusception (medical disorder)"><span style="color: blue;">intussusception</span></a>, a type of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction"><span style="color: blue;">bowel obstruction</span></a>, in one of every 12,000 vaccinated infants.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid15687880-25"><span style="color: blue;">[26]</span></a></sup> The experience provoked intense debate about the relative risks and benefits of a rotavirus vaccine.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid16099078-26"><span style="color: blue;">[27]</span></a></sup> In 2006, two new vaccines against rotavirus A infection were shown to be safe and effective in children,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid18202442-27"><span style="color: blue;">[28]</span></a></sup> and in June 2009 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization"><span style="color: blue;">World Health Organization</span></a> recommended that rotavirus vaccination be included in all national immunisation programmes to provide protection against this virus.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid19499606-28"><span style="color: blue;">[29]</span></a></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotavirus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span style="color: blue;">edit</span></a>] Signs and symptoms</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a mild to severe disease characterised by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting"><span style="color: blue;">vomiting</span></a>, watery <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhoea" title="Diarrhoea"><span style="color: blue;">diarrhoea</span></a>, and low-grade <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever" title="Fever"><span style="color: blue;">fever</span></a>. Once a child is infected by the virus, there is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubation_period" title="Incubation period"><span style="color: blue;">incubation period</span></a> of about two days before symptoms appear.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid10532018-29"><span style="color: blue;">[30]</span></a></sup> Symptoms often start with vomiting followed by four to eight days of profuse diarrhoea. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration"><span style="color: blue;">Dehydration</span></a> is more common in rotavirus infection than in most of those caused by bacterial pathogens, and is the most common cause of death related to rotavirus infection.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid1962726-30"><span style="color: blue;">[31]</span></a></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rotavirus A infections can occur throughout life: the first usually <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomatic" title="Symptomatic"><span style="color: blue;">produces symptoms</span></a>, but subsequent infections are typically <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptomatic" title="Asymptomatic"><span style="color: blue;">asymptomatic</span></a>,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid9015109-3"><span style="color: blue;">[4]</span></a></sup> as the immune system provides some protection.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid8793926-1"><span style="color: blue;">[2]</span></a></sup> Consequently, symptomatic infection rates are highest in children under two years of age and decrease progressively towards 45 years of age.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid1649875-31"><span style="color: blue;">[32]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid2549788-32"><span style="color: blue;">[33]</span></a></sup> Infection in newborn children, although common, is often associated with mild or asymptomatic disease;<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid209058-33"><span style="color: blue;">[34]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid3003889-34"><span style="color: blue;">[35]</span></a></sup> the most severe symptoms tend to occur in children six months to two years of age, the elderly, and those with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency"><span style="color: blue;">compromised or absent immune system functions</span></a>. Due to immunity acquired in childhood, most adults are not susceptible to rotavirus; gastroenteritis in adults usually has a cause other than rotavirus, but asymptomatic infections in adults may maintain the transmission of infection in the community.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid3037675-35"><span style="color: blue;">[36]</span></a></sup> Symptomatic reinfections are often due to a different rotavirus A serotype.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid2849961-2"><span style="color: blue;">[3]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid1647052-36"><span style="color: blue;">[37]</span></a></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotavirus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transmission"><span style="color: blue;">edit</span></a>] Transmission</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Multiple_rotavirus_particles.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Many rotavirus particles packed together, which all look similar" border="0" height="152" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/EASYWO%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="220" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Multiple_rotavirus_particles.jpg" title=""Enlarge" "><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/EASYWO%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="15" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rotavirus A from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faeces" title="Faeces"><span style="color: blue;">faeces</span></a> of an infected child</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rotavirus is transmitted by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal-oral_route" title="Fecal-oral route"><span style="color: blue;">faecal-oral route</span></a>, via contact with contaminated hands, surfaces and objects,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid8393172-37"><span style="color: blue;">[38]</span></a></sup> and possibly by the respiratory route.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid11052397-0"><span style="color: blue;">[1]</span></a></sup> The faeces of an infected person can contain more than 10 trillion infectious particles per gram;<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid9015109-3"><span style="color: blue;">[4]</span></a></sup> only 10–100 of these are required to transmit infection to another person.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid3028333-38"><span style="color: blue;">[39]</span></a></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rotaviruses are stable in the environment and have been found in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary"><span style="color: blue;">estuary</span></a> samples at levels as high as 1–5 infectious particles per US gallon.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid6091548-39"><span style="color: blue;">[40]</span></a></sup> Sanitary measures adequate for eliminating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria"><span style="color: blue;">bacteria</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite" title="Parasite"><span style="color: blue;">parasites</span></a> seem to be ineffective in control of rotavirus, as the incidence of rotavirus infection in countries with high and low health standards is similar.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid11052397-0"><span style="color: blue;">[1]</span></a></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotavirus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disease mechanisms"><span style="color: blue;">edit</span></a>] Disease mechanisms</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rotavirus_infected_gut.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="The micrograph at the top shows a damaged cell with a destroyed surface. The micrograph at the bottom shows a healthy cell with its surface intact." border="0" height="242" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/EASYWO%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" width="220" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rotavirus_infected_gut.jpg" title=""Enlarge" "><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/EASYWO%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="15" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Electron micrograph of a rotavirus infected enterocyte (top) compared to an uninfected cell (bottom). The bar = approx. 500 nm</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The diarrhoea is caused by multiple activities of the virus. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabsorption" title="Malabsorption"><span style="color: blue;">Malabsorption</span></a> occurs because of the destruction of gut cells called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterocyte" title="Enterocyte"><span style="color: blue;">enterocytes</span></a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterotoxin" title="Enterotoxin"><span style="color: blue;">toxic</span></a> rotavirus protein <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSP4_%28rotavirus%29" title="NSP4 (rotavirus)"><span style="color: blue;">NSP4</span></a> induces age- and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="color: blue;">calcium</span></a> ion-dependent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride"><span style="color: blue;">chloride</span></a> secretion, disrupts <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-glucose_transport_proteins" title="Sodium-glucose transport proteins"><span style="color: blue;">SGLT1</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein"><span style="color: blue;">transporter</span></a>-mediated reabsorption of water, apparently reduces activity of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush_border" title="Brush border"><span style="color: blue;">brush-border membrane</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaccharidase" title="Disaccharidase"><span style="color: blue;">disaccharidases</span></a>, and possibly activates the calcium ion-dependent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion"><span style="color: blue;">secretory</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex" title="Reflex"><span style="color: blue;">reflexes</span></a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system" title="Enteric nervous system"><span style="color: blue;">enteric nervous system</span></a>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid15802952-40"><span style="color: blue;">[41]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid17376232-41"><span style="color: blue;">[42]</span></a></sup> Healthy enterocytes secrete <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactase" title="Lactase"><span style="color: blue;">lactase</span></a> into the small intestine; milk intolerance due to lactase deficiency is a particular symptom of rotavirus infection,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid9696817-42"><span style="color: blue;">[43]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid217231-43"><span style="color: blue;">[44]</span></a></sup> which can persist for weeks.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus#cite_note-pmid12811680-44"><span style="color: blue;">[45]</span></a></sup> A</span></div><br />
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Contact 254721554737, EMAIL. MILLIONAREDOLLAR@YAHOO.COM</div>pesapayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02806498962570303245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859261729650591828.post-12752423077516976062011-05-04T09:37:00.001-07:002011-05-04T09:37:48.165-07:00makingmoneyonline<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Making money online is a dream for many, but the simple fact is that it’s often just as tough as making money offline. Due to requests, we’ve put together a list of the most popular money making methods today, many of them focused on blogging and peer production.<br />
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A word of caution: for the sake of completeness, we’ve included a small number of sites that have been criticized for their ethics. If it sounds too good to be true, it generally is. Commenters are welcome to share their experiences of the various sites.<br />
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Making money online is a dream for many, but the simple fact is that it’s often just as tough as making money offline. Due to requests, we’ve put together a list of the most popular money making methods today, many of them focused on blogging and peer production.<br />
<br />
A word of caution: for the sake of completeness, we’ve included a small number of sites that have been criticized for their ethics. If it sounds too good to be true, it generally is. Commenters are welcome to share their experiences of the various sites.<br />
<br />
Get Paid To Write<br />
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Weblogs, Inc. – Apply to blog for one of their ninety plus blogs or submit your own topic idea. They will pay you per post that you write and you must meet their minimum post requirements.<br />
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PayPerPost – Get paid as much as $500 or more a month writing articles and reviews of their sponsors on your blog.<br />
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Blogsvertise – Their advertisers pay you to mention and talk about their websites, products and services in your own blog.<br />
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Review Me – After your blog has been accepted in their network, they will pay you $20 to $200 per post that you write.<br />
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Smorty – Earn $6 to $100 dollars per post you write on your blog. Amount paid for each post depends on the overall popularity and page rank of your blog.<br />
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SponsoredReviews – Write reviews for their advertisers’ products and services on your own blog. They charge a 35% transaction fee for their services.<br />
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LoudLaunch – Blog about the advertisers campaign releases that meet your interests. They pay once a month.<br />
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Blogitive – Get paid weekly via PayPal for posting stories that interest you.<br />
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BloggerWave – Select the advertiser opportunities that best suit your blog and write reviews on their products and services.<br />
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InBlogAds – Write about websites, products, services and companies on your blog and get paid for it.<br />
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BlogToProfit – Make $250 dollars or more by writing new posts on your blog.<br />
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Creative Weblogging – Write 7 to 10 posts per week for their network and they will pay you $225 per month.<br />
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WordFirm – Make money publishing books as a freelance writer from home.<br />
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451 Press – Write for a blog within their network and receive forty percent of all generated revenue.<br />
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Digital Journal – Network of bloggers that get paid to report on newsworthy articles through their blogs.<br />
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BlogBurner – Sign up for a free blog and get paid for writing new posts. Your commissions are generated through Adsense clicks.<br />
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Squidoo – Earn money by writing your new blog, or choose to donate your earnings to charity.<br />
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About.com – Become a paid guide writing articles for About.com. Compensation depends on the growth of your page views.<br />
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DayTipper – Earn $3 for every short tip you write and get published.<br />
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Helium – Earn a share of their advertising revenue by writing articles in their channels.<br />
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Dewitts Media – Get paid to write your own blog. This site requires you have a minimum page rank of 3 to sign up.<br />
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BOTW Media – Make money writing a blog for their blogging network.<br />
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CreamAid – Get paid to submit blog posts in their directory.<br />
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BlogFeast – Generate revenue from pre-installed Google Adsense ads when you blog in their network.<br />
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Mashable – Mashable hires freelancers and new staff, offering one of the largest platforms for tech bloggers.<br />
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Advertising Programs<br />
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Google Adsense – Most popular pay-per-click advertising provider. Make anywhere from $0.01 to $5.00 plus per click on site relevant ads.<br />
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Text-Link-Ads – Approve or deny the advertiser links that appear on your site. They pay you 50% of the sale price for each text link sold on your website.<br />
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BlogAds – The average blogger makes anywhere from $50 to $5000 dollars a month selling blog ads. To participate in this program you will need to get sponsored by someone in their network.<br />
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LinkWorth – Here you will find eleven different options to fit your advertising needs. Choose from text based advertisements, sponsored ads and paid blog reviews to name a few.<br />
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CrispAds – Access to over six thousand advertisers in their pay-per-click program. You choose the advertisers that suit you best.<br />
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Chitika – Offers six types of advertising to fit your needs.<br />
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AzoogleAds – Delivers targeted advertisers to their network of publishers to bring you the most profitable solutions.<br />
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Vibrant Media – Offers in-text contextual based advertisements.<br />
<br />
MediaFed – Place advertisements in your blog’s RSS feed to generate additional revenue.<br />
<br />
Qumana – Embeds ads directly into your posts. Ads are generated from keywords that you select. Not particularly popular with readers.<br />
<br />
PeakClick – Austria based pay-per-click provider. Provides automatic insertion of site targeted ads.<br />
<br />
DoubleClick – Offers a full suite of products for publishers that enable you to forecast, sell inventory, serve ads and analyze campaigns online and through other digital channels.<br />
<br />
Tribal Fusion – They offer reliable payments, free ad-serving technology, a dedicated account manager and up-to-date, real-time reporting, with a 55% payout. Must go through an approval process.<br />
<br />
AdBrite – Approve or reject any ads purchased for your sites. Also gives you the ability to sell ads direct with “Your Ad Here” links.<br />
<br />
ThankYouPages – Shows ads based on demographics and relevancy. Majority of traffic must originate from U.S.<br />
<br />
Clicksor – Inline text link advertising, underlines words directly in your posts making them clickable advertisements. Once more, we’d say that inline ads are not popular with regular blog readers.<br />
<br />
TargetPoint – Contextually and search targeted pay-per-click ads.<br />
<br />
IndustryBrains – Place relevant contextual text listings and graphical ads on your site.<br />
<br />
BloggingAds – Post one-time ads on your site. Pays via PayPal.<br />
<br />
BulletAds – Performance based online advertising network.<br />
<br />
AdsMarket – Match your traffic to handpicked advertisers with top-converting products and services.<br />
<br />
ROIRocket – Targeted campaigns specific to your marketing needs.<br />
<br />
AdKnowledge – Offers complete outsourcing of your advertising management. Runs ads in websites, email and search engine inventory.<br />
<br />
Yes Advertising – Payouts for running ads from their sponsors. Also offers a referral program that pays 20% of the referred webmasters earnings.<br />
<br />
RevenuePilot – Offers pay-for-performance and pay-per-click advertising for your sites.<br />
<br />
SearchFeed – Integrates paid advertisements into your site’s search feature.<br />
<br />
Bidvertiser – Display text ads on your site and advertisers bid for placement.<br />
<br />
Pheedo – Monetize your RSS feeds with this program.<br />
<br />
ValueClick media – Generate revenue by displaying ads through banners, pop-unders and rich media. Be warned that pop-unders are unpopular these days.<br />
<br />
OneMonkey – Another text based advertising program.<br />
<br />
Yahoo Publisher Network – Use the internet giant, Yahoo, to display targeted ads on your site.<br />
<br />
Q Ads – Monetize your site by placing ads anywhere you can add a picture.<br />
<br />
Affiliate Networks and Programs<br />
<br />
cafepressshot.PNG<br />
<br />
Amazon Associates – Link to Amazon’s products and services and earn up to 10% of the sale price. Converts well for product-focused sites.<br />
<br />
ClickBank – Over 10,000 products to promote with commissions as high as 75%.<br />
<br />
Commission Junction – Promote the advertiser’s products and services in exchange for a commission on leads or sales.<br />
<br />
LinkShare – Pay-for-performance affiliate marketing network. Gives you the ability to use individual product links on your site and generate revenue from sales.<br />
<br />
Affiliate Fuel – Serves as a middle man to bring publishers and advertisers together to promote products and services.<br />
<br />
LinkConnector – Affiliate marketing network that offers a zero tolerance fraud policy to keep you safe while conducting business.<br />
<br />
LeadPile – Affiliate network that allows you to generate and sell trade leads to the highest bidder.<br />
<br />
Forex-Affiliate – Affiliate program that allows you to earn commissions from trading Forex (currency exchange) online.<br />
<br />
incentAclick – CPA (cost-per-action) affiliate program that guarantees the fastest ROI in the industry.<br />
<br />
AdPlosion – Earn revenue by selling leads, clicks and products from their advertisers. Also runs an incentive points program in addition to your commissions.<br />
<br />
AffiliateFuture – Another affiliate program that pays you for generating leads, sales and clicks.<br />
<br />
ClixGalore – Affiliate network consisting of 7500+ advertisers for you to choose from.<br />
<br />
ThinkAction – Affiliate network that claims to have the top payouts and the possibility of earning over $100,000 dollars per month.<br />
<br />
RocketProfit – Affiliate network, pays via check after your commissions reach $25 dollars.<br />
<br />
CafePress – Earn affiliate commissions by selling your personally branded merchandise.<br />
<br />
Avangate – Make money selling popular computer software titles through your site.<br />
<br />
Paid Social Media Programs<br />
<br />
dadanetshot.PNG<br />
<br />
Dada.net – Social site with a revenue sharing program that pays you for referring friends and driving traffic.<br />
<br />
Jyve – Pays you to provide answers, advice and peer support to people in need of some help.<br />
<br />
Cruxy – Specializes in social video, but serves as a venue to sell your digital media.<br />
<br />
BitWine – Get paid to give advice and answer questions for people, on subjects of your interests and choice.<br />
<br />
Ether – Make money answering questions for your peers over the phone. You set your rates and call availability.<br />
<br />
UpBlogger – Social network site that pays you based on the amount of visits you receive to your uploaded content.<br />
<br />
JustAnswer – Help others solve their problems and earn money for your knowledge.<br />
<br />
MetaCafe – Upload your videos and earn money based on the number of views you receive.<br />
<br />
ChaCha – Get paid to offer support to members of their community.<br />
<br />
AssociatedContent – Earn money by uploading your videos, text, audio and images to their site. Earnings are determined by the exposure you receive from your content.<br />
<br />
myLot – Pays you for posting, commenting and using their social network.<br />
<br />
KnowBrainers – Another site that pays you to get involved with the community and answer questions. Optionally you can answer questions through the RSS feeds on your own blog.<br />
<br />
Everything Else That Pays<br />
<br />
mturkshot.PNG<br />
<br />
Google User Research – Google Pays you money to participate in their user research studies online.<br />
<br />
Microsoft Research Panel – Get paid from Microsoft for providing feedback on their products.<br />
<br />
Amazon Mechanical Turk – Amazon pays you to complete simple tasks that their computers can’t understand. Payments are a matter of cents.<br />
<br />
eJury – Earn $5 to $10 dollars per verdict rendered as a mock juror for practice trials.<br />
<br />
WorkingSOL – This company pays you to handle technical support for many large companies. You can work from home on the computer or by phone and decide what times you are available.<br />
<br />
Appingo – Always looking for experienced copy editors and proof readers. Must submit a resume.<br />
<br />
IntelliShop – Pays you to shop at stores in your area and write a review of your experience.<br />
<br />
Mahalo Greenhouse – They pay $10 to $15 dollars per site you submit to their directory.<br />
<br />
Focus Pointe Global – Get paid to join their focus groups and voice your opinion. Available to teens and adults.<br />
<br />
Agloco – Sign up, download their toolbar and get paid to surf the internet. This site has been criticized as a “pyramid scheme”, although the founders deny the allegation.<br />
<br />
Arise – Make money providing phone, web and email support and sales for 40 plus companies in their network.<br />
<br />
CraZoo – Earn money for starting new threads and posting in online forums.<br />
<br />
Tutor.com – Get paid to tutor people online.<br />
<br />
ForumBoosting.com – Make money posting in forums across the internet.<br />
<br />
Share-A-Pic – Earn money by uploading and sharing your pictures on their website.<br />
<br />
Opuzz Voice – Earn money by doing voice overs for their clients online.<br />
<br />
SlashMySearch – Get paid to search the internet with their search engine.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.esprimgs.biz http://www.academiaincubator.com http://www.superbenefits.biz http://www.easyacademia.com</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">ADVANCED DATA TECHNOLOGIES
WHERE THE
REAL AND VIRTUAL
WORLDS MEETS.
For: web Hosting . programming,SOFTWARE/WED DEVELOPMENT, internet provider, computer and laptop sales
Contact 254721554737, EMAIL. MILLIONAREDOLLAR@YAHOO.COM</div>pesapayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02806498962570303245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859261729650591828.post-18923900082827532422011-05-04T09:03:00.000-07:002011-05-04T09:03:49.519-07:00How To Market Your Blog From Scratch ?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">The process of marketing your blog from scratch is highly coupled to your blogging aim and you should market your blog through out the life cycle of blogging. Its one of the most toughest part of blogging too.<br />
Blogging doesn’t stops with producing useful content and <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD2">making money</span>. Anyone could write on the topic, if they master with knowledge. And it is not like, people will come to your blog and it markets by itself.<br />
You have to show your blog to the world. You have to show your brand. You have to make people to love your blog. All these doesn’t happens in a day or two. It takes time and you should not sit idle, <em>by just writing content no one will come to read !</em><br />
In order to explore on <strong>how to market your blog ?</strong> I have classified this entire process into two models:<br />
<ul><li> <strong>On Blog Marketing</strong>, which involves activities on your blog and it prepares your blog for marketing.</li>
<li> <strong>Off Blog Marketing</strong>, which involves activities which pulls in visitors to the prepared blog blog to market by itself.</li>
</ul>Lets go into the topic….<br />
<h3>On Blog Marketing Model.</h3>On blog marketing is the process of making your into blog better shape. You have to make a professional look n feel for your blog. You have to build a brand for your blog. You should serve the visitors with what they need !<br />
<strong>Blog Branding.</strong><br />
Branding is the art of creating a remembrance, shape and visualization for your business. Blogs are not in the exception, it should have a branded feel. Branding a blog is not toughest job now-a-days, with few steps you could complete change your blog upside down. Branding shows even a smaller blog into big.<br />
To make the steps simple:<br />
<ul><li><strong>A Logo</strong> – Your blog needs a logo. If you say, Yahoo your mind gets that Y Logo. That’s called branding. Make an eye catchy logo which resembles your blog topic. Keep it simple.</li>
<li><strong>A Slogan</strong> – Write a short slogan below the logo which should reflect the aim of your blog. For example, i use the slogan<em> “Anatomy of Online Business”</em> that means, i am covering everything about online business.</li>
<li><strong>Colors/Fonts</strong> – Using the right combination of colors through out the blog gives a branded impression. Also, use appropriate font size for headings, text, links etc. in common across the blog. Use a professionally looking theme/layout which have everything branded for your blog especially on colors/fonts.</li>
</ul>Learn those 3 <a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/2010/02/01/steps-brand-blog/" target="_self">steps to brand your blog</a>.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_1909" style="width: 510px;"><a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/brand.jpg"><img alt="Bite This Brand !" class="size-full wp-image-1909" height="375" src="http://emoneymakingonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/brand.jpg" title="Bite This Brand !" width="500" /></a><div class="wp-caption-text">Bite This Brand !</div></div><strong>Serving Visitor Needs.</strong><br />
Serving the visitors need is also part of branding. It actually gives a good feel about your blog. Because many of Internet users are information seekers and if your blog feeds them with required information, you win. It creates the best impression about your blog and it tells the visitors that you are so much cared on them !<br />
<strong>Blogging is not only sharing, its Caring Too !</strong> Always, Serve your visitors with quality information.<br />
<strong>On Page SEO.</strong><br />
SEO is one of the major part of marketing your blog. I would recommend beginners to read, <a href="http://www.google.com/support/webmasters/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=35291" target="_blank">Google’s SEO guide</a> which makes you to understand what SEO is and how to use in your blog ?<br />
To keep it short and simple:<br />
<ul><li> Use Keywords which are searched by visitors on the blog post Titles.</li>
<li> Have subheadings in your post.</li>
<li> Highlight the important points in your article.</li>
<li> Use lists/bullets to convey the message as crispy.</li>
<li> Use multimedia content like images, videos.</li>
<li> Link to your own relevant articles.</li>
<li> Link to other sites articles which are useful to your readers.</li>
<li> Have an easy to navigate blog design.</li>
</ul>SEO helps you to bring in real visitors from search engines and branding helps you to keep those visitors in your blog for years !<br />
<strong>An Active Blog.</strong><br />
Make your blog active. Write more useful information frequently, which makes people to come to your blog again and again.<br />
Asking questions, Polling, encouraging comments, conducting blog contests are few ideas which makes your blog active always. See <a href="http://weblogs.about.com/od/marketingablog/tp/BlogContestPrizes.htm" target="_blank">here for blog contest ideas</a>.<br />
<h3>Off Blog Marketing Model.</h3>Now its time to go out of your blog for marketing. Blogging is networking. The maximum you build your network, it gives back maximum results. Its all about, how you are spreading the words about your blog in Internet. Using tools, articles etc. you have to spread your blog to maximum extent using reliable methods. That’s called Off Blog Marketing model.<br />
<strong>Social Media Tools.</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_1908" style="width: 510px;"><strong><strong><a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/social_marketing.jpg"><img alt="Lets Socialize..." class="size-full wp-image-1908" height="375" src="http://emoneymakingonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/social_marketing.jpg" title="Lets Socialize..." width="500" /></a></strong></strong><div class="wp-caption-text"><strong>Lets Socialize...</strong></div></div><strong></strong><br />
Social media tools are gifts to blogger’s and your blog must integrate with these tools. At least integrate <a href="http://twitter.com/" target="_blank">Twitter</a> and <a href="http://www.facebook.com/" target="_blank">Facebook</a> which are famous as of now. Use these tools to build your network. The advantage is that, it goes viral.<br />
An information from your blog, if you share it with your network, it spreads to your readers network again and again. That’s <strong>Going Viral</strong>.<br />
<em>I have 1000 followers, my follower has 1000 more followers and his follower has 1000 more followers. Just think, how it spreads !</em><br />
There are many application tools for twitter and facebook which helps you to simply grow your network with more targeted followers/fans. Find a handy tool which makes this process simpler.<br />
Recently, i tried <a href="http://www.buzzom.com/" target="_blank">Buzzom</a> especially to manage my twitter account, its good.<br />
<strong>Common Blog Marketing Methods.</strong><br />
Apart from these marketing approaches, there are few commonly followed methods. These methods are unavoidable and you must pay attention to use these methods also.<br />
<ul><li><strong>Guest Posting</strong> – Write guest posts on popular blogs on your topic which creates more visibility about your blog to wider audience. It also gives back you traffic/links. <a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/want-to-write-guest-post/" target="_self">Want to write a guest post on this blog ?</a></li>
<li><strong>Article Marketing</strong> – Write articles and submit them to article sharing sites like <a href="http://ezinearticles.com/" target="_blank">ezinearticles</a>, <a href="http://www.articlebase.com/" target="_blank">articlebase</a> etc. Use <a href="http://hubpages.com/" target="_blank">Hubpages</a>, <a href="http://www.squidoo.com/" target="_blank">Squidoo</a> and link back to your blog from your hub/lens. Learn <a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/2009/09/16/article-marketing-tips-for-online-business/" target="_self">article marketing tips</a>.</li>
<li><strong>Blog Commenting</strong> – Write comments on other blogs in your topic which encourages to find new people and also you will get some traffic, exposure. This blog is dofollow !</li>
<li><strong>Using Forum</strong> – Use forums to discuss with similar people and it helps to show that you are master in your topic. Help other forum users. Add your blog link to signature too. Learn <a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/2009/09/14/forum-marketing-tips-for-marketing-your-online-business-free/" target="_self">forum marketing tips</a>.</li>
<li><strong>Bookmarking Sites</strong> – Use bookmarking sites like <a href="http://www.digg.com/" target="_blank">Digg</a>, <a href="http://www.mixx.com/" target="_blank">Mixx</a>, <a href="http://www.stumbleupon.com/" target="_blank">Stumble</a> etc. to spread your articles. Encourage your network to promote your shared articles too. It drives lot of quick traffic.</li>
</ul><h3>Conclusion.</h3>Finally, marketing a blog from scratch is not a simple task. It requires investment of more time and you have to work smarter. And you could not see the results immediately. You must need patience.<br />
A simply branded blog with useful information which gives a purpose to visit, promotes by itself with little marketing steps !<br />
<strong>Idea: </strong>There are many <a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/2010/05/31/disadvantages-building-website-scratch/" target="_self">disadvantages for building a site from scratch</a>. If you don’t want to struggle with all these methods, simply buy an established blog !<br />
image:<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/rosauraochoa/" target="_blank">ochoa</a>, <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/jesuspresley/" target="_blank">presley</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/2010/04/29/starting-online-business-2/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link: Starting an Online Business From Scratch In a Day">Starting an Online Business From Scratch In a Day</a></li>
<li><a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/2009/08/14/professional-strategy-of-making-money-from-your-blog/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link: Professional Strategy of Making Money From Your Blog">Professional Strategy of Making Money From Your Blog</a></li>
<li><a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/2009/06/13/how-to-investigate-the-market-that-helps-online-business/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link: How To Investigate The Market That Helps Online Business ?">How To Investigate The Market That Helps Online Business ?</a></li>
<li><a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/2009/12/10/how-to-build-unique-website-brand-logo-slogan/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link: How To Build Unique Website And Its Brand, Logo, Slogan ?">How To Build Unique Website And Its Brand, Logo, Slogan ?</a></li>
</ul><br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.esprimgs.biz http://www.academiaincubator.com http://www.superbenefits.biz http://www.easyacademia.com</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">ADVANCED DATA TECHNOLOGIES
WHERE THE
REAL AND VIRTUAL
WORLDS MEETS.
For: web Hosting . programming,SOFTWARE/WED DEVELOPMENT, internet provider, computer and laptop sales
Contact 254721554737, EMAIL. MILLIONAREDOLLAR@YAHOO.COM</div>pesapayhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02806498962570303245noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3859261729650591828.post-68091302468577132882011-05-04T08:57:00.001-07:002011-05-04T08:59:22.749-07:00Tips For Successful Online Business From Home To Motivate Yourself<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Already you are running a home based online business ? Or you are willing to start an <a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/online-business-income-from-home/" target="_self">online business from home</a> ? Then you are in the right place today. So you are interested in working from home and you are your own boss, right ? That’s a great situation, when compared to your regular or day job. You could make your own rules and schedule your own activities. In fact, there is no deadline and you are relaxed to run your <a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/online-business-income-from-home/" target="_self">online business from home</a>.<br />
Though running a home based online business has lot of benefits, sometimes you may get stuck with something and may become demotivated. Because you are the sole responsible person of the complete <a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/2009/05/19/process-of-online-business/" title="business process">business process</a>. You are responsible to take care all the activities of your online business. So the greatest gainsay is keeping yourself motivate to all the aspects of your own business.<br />
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_756" style="width: 510px;"><img alt="Thats A Home Business !" class="size-full wp-image-756" height="377" src="http://emoneymakingonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/home_business.jpg" title="home_business" width="500" /><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text">Thats <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD3">A Home Business</span> !</div></div>image: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/doctord/" rel="external nofollow" target="_blank">Un Terrícola extraño’s</a><br />
Many of us running a home based online business are money minded and they are just focusing only the earnings. In fact, they are not considering to take their <a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/2009/06/06/tips-to-drive-your-online-business-to-next-level/" title="business to the next successful level">business to the next successful level</a>. If you are seeing yourself failing, then you have to keep your mind motivated to achieve that level of success.<br />
Lets see few of the tips to help yourself motivate to keep on running a successful home based online business.<br />
<b>Think, why you started an online business ?</b><br />
There should be a reason for which you have started your online business to <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD1">work from home</span>. Recall the reason and keep that as a remembrance in your mind. Find out, what motivated yourself to run a <a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/2009/07/15/steps-to-start-ecommerce-business-website/" title="own business">own business</a> ? Bring in the same feel that you had while starting your business at the first time. Obviously, you will get motivated and recharged back to normal phase.<br />
<b>Have a break to propel yourself.</b><br />
Having too much focused on the work makes you to go down sometimes. Your thinking capacity may become less active. So don’t force yourself to work. Have regular breaks and that brings back the energy. You will get propelled yourself when you are taking a break. This actually reduces your stress and keeps you less tensed. So take often breaks.<br />
<b>Your goals to success.</b><br />
Do you have any goal with your online business ? List down your <a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/2009/12/17/set-business-goals-increase-site-traffic/" title="business goals">business goals</a>. It is enough to have smaller goals as you are flexible to work from home. But at the same time, plan your working time and also define an earning goal. Just think off, what are the future activities you are planning for your success ? Stick to that goal and work towards the same.<br />
<b>Have a working schedule in your home.</b><br />
You should have a working schedule because you may be busy with your day job. And finding time to work for your online business could be tough. In that situation, you have to follow a schedule. Plan each day of the week and have a constant working time. That really works good and improves your productivity. That keeps yourself from losing the motivation.<br />
All these tips really helps you to keep the motivation in running your online business. If you are working hard, feeling stress then giving up a break may help you to recover from that stress. So you know your goal and you know what to do ? you know for what reason you are doing this business ? In short, you must be clear in your business path.<br />
You have to plan ahead and work accordingly because you may not be earning a huge money today but the situation may change. But if you have the motivation in place irrespective of the situation, you will win. You have to understand the current situation, make the plans for the future and work.<br />
Always keep your goal in mind and think for why you are working from home ? You have the freedom to work anytime and you are your own boss. Always keep yourself motivated to make your online business into a successful one.<br />
<ul><li><a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/2009/12/22/online-business-income-home-short-term-online-business-model/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link: Online Business Income From Home Via Short Term Online Business Model">Online Business Income From Home Via Short Term Online Business Model</a></li>
<li><a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/online-business-income-from-home/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link: Online Business Models For Individuals Income From Home">Online Business Models For Individuals Income From Home</a></li>
<li><a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/2009/07/03/using-blogs-for-online-business-promotion/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link: Using Blogs For Online Business Promotion">Using Blogs For Online Business Promotion</a></li>
<li><a href="http://emoneymakingonline.com/2009/11/03/promote-and-market-your-online-business-site-for-growth-and-traffic-that-increases-income/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link: Promote And Market Your Online Business Site For Growth And Traffic That Increases Income">Promote And Market Your Online Business Site For Growth And Traffic That Increases Income</a></li>
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